Cryptography

Salt (cryptography)

In cryptography, a salt is random data that is used as an additional input to a one-way function that hashes data, a password or passphrase. Salts are used to safeguard passwords in storage. Historically, only the output from an invocation of a cryptographic hash function on the password was stored on a system, but, over time, additional safeguards were developed to protect against duplicate or common passwords being identifiable (as their hashes are identical). Salting is one such protection. A new salt is randomly generated for each password. Typically, the salt and the password (or its version after key stretching) are concatenated and fed to a cryptographic hash function, and the output hash value (but not the original password) is stored with the salt in a database. Hashing allows later authentication without keeping and therefore risking exposure of the plaintext password if the authentication data store is compromised. Salts don't need to be encrypted or stored separately from the hashed password itself, because even if an attacker has access to the database with the hash values and the salts, the correct use of said salts will hinder common attacks. Salts defend against attacks that use precomputed tables (e.g. rainbow tables), as they can make the size of table needed for a successful attack prohibitively large without burdening users. Since salts differ from one another, they also protect weak (e.g. commonly used, re-used) passwords, as different salted hashes are created for different instances of the same password. Cryptographic salts are broadly used in many modern computer systems, from Unix system credentials to Internet security. Salts are closely related to the concept of a cryptographic nonce. (Wikipedia).

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

From playlist Applied Cryptography

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Salted Password Scheme - Applied Cryptography

This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

From playlist Applied Cryptography

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

From playlist Applied Cryptography

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

From playlist Applied Cryptography

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Cryptography and Network Security by Prof. D. Mukhopadhyay, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in

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From playlist Ethical Hacking & Penetration Testing - Complete Course

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From playlist OWASP AppSecUSA 2011

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Cryptography and Network Security by Prof. D. Mukhopadhyay, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in

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Related pages

Key stretching | Padding (cryptography) | Plaintext | Initialization vector | Dictionary attack | One-way function | Hash function | Rainbow table | Password cracking | Cryptographic nonce | Cryptographic hash function | Pepper (cryptography) | Concatenation | Passphrase | Byte | Cryptography | Hasty Pudding cipher