Cryptography

Pepper (cryptography)

In cryptography, a pepper is a secret added to an input such as a password during hashing with a cryptographic hash function. This value differs from a salt in that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module. Note that the National Institute of Standards and Technology never refers to this value as a pepper but rather as a secret salt. A pepper is similar in concept to a salt or an encryption key. It is like a salt in that it is a randomized value that is added to a password hash, and it is similar to an encryption key in that it should be kept secret. A pepper performs a comparable role to a salt or an encryption key, but while a salt is not secret (merely unique) and can be stored alongside the hashed output, a pepper is secret and must not be stored with the output. The hash and salt are usually stored in a database, but a pepper must be stored separately to prevent it from being obtained by the attacker in case of a database breach. Where the salt only has to be long enough to be unique per user, a pepper should be long enough to remain secret from brute force attempts to discover it (NIST recommends at least 112 bits). (Wikipedia).

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

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This video is part of an online course, Applied Cryptography. Check out the course here: https://www.udacity.com/course/cs387.

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PBKDF2 | HMAC | Hash function | Bcrypt | Pseudorandom function family | Cryptographic nonce | Cryptographic hash function | Salt (cryptography) | Rainbow table | SHA-3 | Key (cryptography) | Cryptography