Cryptography | Block cipher modes of operation
In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV) is an input to a cryptographic primitive being used to provide the initial state. The IV is typically required to be random or pseudorandom, but sometimes an IV only needs to be unpredictable or unique. Randomization is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between (potentially similar) segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Some cryptographic primitives require the IV only to be non-repeating, and the required randomness is derived internally. In this case, the IV is commonly called a nonce (a number used only once), and the primitives (e.g. CBC) are considered stateful rather than randomized. This is because an IV need not be explicitly forwarded to a recipient but may be derived from a common state updated at both sender and receiver side. (In practice, a short nonce is still transmitted along with the message to consider message loss.) An example of stateful encryption schemes is the counter mode of operation, which has a sequence number for a nonce. The IV size depends on the cryptographic primitive used; for block ciphers it is generally the cipher's block-size. In encryption schemes, the unpredictable part of the IV has at best the same size as the key to compensate for time/memory/data tradeoff attacks. When the IV is chosen at random, the probability of collisions due to the birthday problem must be taken into account. Traditional stream ciphers such as RC4 do not support an explicit IV as input, and a custom solution for incorporating an IV into the cipher's key or internal state is needed. Some designs realized in practice are known to be insecure; the WEP protocol is a notable example, and is prone to related-IV attacks. (Wikipedia).
Multivariable Calculus | The sum of vectors.
With an eye towards calculations in multivariable calculus, we present the geometric notion of the sum of two vectors. http://www.michael-penn.net http://www.randolphcollege.edu/mathematics/
From playlist Vectors for Multivariable Calculus
This video explains how to sketch vectors in R^3, how to determine the magnitude of a vector and how to determine a unit vector. http://mathispower4u.yolasite.com/
From playlist Vectors
This video explains how to determine a unit vector given a vector. It also explains how to determine the component form of a vector in standard position that intersects the unit circle. http://mathispower4u.yolasite.com/
From playlist Vectors
Introduction to Linear Algebra Vectors in R^n
Introduction to Linear Algebra Vectors in R^n - Definition of a vector in R^n - Row Vectors and Column Vectors - Definition of the set R^n - Initial Position, Terminal Position, and Standard Position - The Parallelogram Law - Equality of Vectors - System of Equations as a Vector Equation
From playlist Linear Algebra
What is a vector? We gently introduce the i and j basis vectors and the idea of a column vector is presented. The algebra of addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication is discussed. Free ebook Free ebook https://bookboon.com/en/introduction-to-vectors-ebook (updated link) Take a sh
From playlist Introduction to Vectors
This shows an small game that illustrates the concept of a vector. The clip is from the book "Immersive Linear Algebra" at http://www.immersivemath.com
From playlist Chapter 2 - Vectors
Linear Algebra for Computer Scientists. 1. Introducing Vectors
This computer science video is one of a series on linear algebra for computer scientists. This video introduces the concept of a vector. A vector is essentially a list of numbers that can be represented with an array or a function. Vectors are used for data analysis in a wide range of f
From playlist Linear Algebra for Computer Scientists
After our introduction to matrices and vectors and our first deeper dive into matrices, it is time for us to start the deeper dive into vectors. Vector spaces can be vectors, matrices, and even function. In this video I talk about vector spaces, subspaces, and the porperties of vector sp
From playlist Introducing linear algebra
In this tutorial we take a look at elementary matrices. They start life off as identity matrices to which a single elementary row operation is performed. They form the building blocks of Gauss-Jordan elimination. In a future video we will use the to do LU decomposition of matrices.
From playlist Introducing linear algebra
Vectors in the Plane - Full Tutorial
This is a full introduction to vectors in the plane. Several examples are given. I hope this is helpful. If you enjoyed this video please consider liking, sharing, and subscribing. Udemy Courses Via My Website: https://mathsorcerer.com Free Homework Help : https://mathsorcererforums.co
From playlist Math Tutorials
This calculus 3 video tutorial provides a basic introduction into vectors. It contains plenty of examples and practice problems. My Website: https://www.video-tutor.net Patreon Donations: https://www.patreon.com/MathScienceTutor Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/theorganicch
From playlist New Calculus Video Playlist
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration, Part A
This video covers Section 3.1A of Cutnell & Johnson Physics 10e, by David Young and Shane Stadler, published by John Wiley and Sons. The lecture is part of the course General Physics - Life Sciences I and II, taught by Dr. Boyd F. Edwards at Utah State University. This video was produced
From playlist Lecture 3A. Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Component, Unit, and R Position Vectors
Vector components are reviewed. Unit vectors are introduced and an example is walked through. The “r” position vector is introduced and an example using both “r” position vector and unit vectors is worked through. Want Lecture Notes? http://www.flippingphysics.com/component-unit-r-position
From playlist Kinematics (Measurements, Motion in One and Two Dimensions and Vectors) - AP Physics C: Mechanics
Introduction to the Component Form of Vectors in the Plane
Please Subscribe here, thank you!!! https://goo.gl/JQ8Nys Introduction to Vectors in the Plane - component form, initial point, terminal point, zero vector, magnitude, definition of a unit vector
From playlist Calculus 3
Ex: Geometric Interpretation of Vector Arithmetic
This video explains how to graph the resultant vector of vector arithmetic. Site: http://mathispower4u.com
From playlist Vectors and Vector Applications (Trigonometry)
Basic Operations Geometric Vectors (Many Examples)
I introduce the Basic Operations of Geometric Vectors, addition of vectors, subtraction of vectors, scalar multiplication. Diagraming the addition of vectors using the Parallelogram Law 0:58 Triangular Method 3:31 19:30 Properties of Vectors Addition explained with sketches 7:10
From playlist Vector Math Lessons
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration, Part C
This video covers Section 3.1C of Cutnell & Johnson Physics 10e, by David Young and Shane Stadler, published by John Wiley and Sons. The lecture is part of the course General Physics - Life Sciences I and II, taught by Dr. Boyd F. Edwards at Utah State University. This video was produced
From playlist Lecture 3A. Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Figuring out vector initial point | Vectors | Precalculus | Khan Academy
Practice this lesson yourself on KhanAcademy.org right now: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/rect-form/e/components_of_vectors?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=Precalculus Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-pr
From playlist Vectors | Precalculus | Khan Academy
What is General Relativity? Lesson 54 - Scalar Curvature Part 3: Riemann Normal Coordinates
What is General Relativity? Lesson 54 -Scalar Curvature Part 3 Riemann Normal Coordinates This is the second of a few lectures about the Scalar Curvature and its interpretation. The goal is to get us to a point where we can have an interpretation of the Einstein Tensor and therefore an i
From playlist What is General Relativity?
This shows an interactive illustration that shows vector subtraction. The clip is from the book "Immersive Linear Algebra" at http://www.immersivemath.com.
From playlist Chapter 2 - Vectors