General Chemistry

1. Stoichiometry
   1. The Mole Concept
      1. Definition and Importance
         1. Definition of a mole
         2. Historical development of the mole concept
         3. Importance of the mole in chemistry
      2. Avogadro’s Number
         1. Definition of Avogadro’s number
         2. Applications in counting entities in chemistry
      3. Molar Mass
         1. Calculation from the periodic table
         2. Molar mass of compounds
         3. Relationship between molar mass, molecular weight, and formula weight
   2. Balanced Chemical Equations
      1. Writing Equations
         1. Identifying reactants and products
         2. Symbols and notations used in chemical equations
         3. Types of chemical equations (skeleton, molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic)
      2. Balancing Equations
         1. Law of Conservation of Mass
         2. Steps in balancing a chemical equation
         3. Balancing complex reactions using algebraic methods
         4. Importance of properly balanced equations in stoichiometry calculations
   3. Calculations Using Stoichiometry
      1. Core Principles
         1. Use of coefficients from balanced equations in calculations
         2. Conversion between amounts of substances in different units (moles, grams, liters, particles)
      2. Mole-to-Mole Conversions
         1. Stoichiometric coefficients as conversion factors
         2. Double replacement and combustion reactions as conversion examples
      3. Mass-to-Mass Conversions
         1. Concept of a conversion pathway: mass to moles to moles to mass
         2. Incorporating molar mass in conversion calculations
      4. Volume-to-Volume Conversions (for gases)
         1. Use of gases in stoichiometric calculations
         2. Application of gas laws in determining volumes at STP
      5. Limiting Reactant
         1. Definition and identification of the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction
         2. Steps to find the limiting reactant:
            1. Calculating the amount of product formed by each reactant
            2. Identifying the reactant that forms the least amount of product
         3. Practical applications in industrial processes
      6. Excess Reactant
         1. Definition and determination of excess reactant
         2. Calculation of excess amount remaining after the reaction
      7. Percent Yield
         1. Definition of theoretical yield versus actual yield
         2. Calculation of percent yield
         3. Factors affecting product yield in laboratory and industrial settings
      8. Applications of Stoichiometry
         1. Real-world applications in various industries (e.g., pharmaceuticals, materials, agriculture)
         2. Role of stoichiometry in environmental chemistry and pollution abatement
         3. Use in problem-solving in academic and research scenarios