Fluid Dynamics

1. Specialized Topics
   1. Multiphase Flow
      1. Bubbly Flow
         1. Dynamics of Bubbles
         2. Coalescence and Breakup
         3. Applications in Chemical Reactors
      2. Slurry Flow
         1. Solids Suspension
         2. Industrial Applications in Mining
         3. Challenges in Pipeline Transport
      3. Droplet Flows
         1. Emulsions and Sprays
         2. Applications in Combustion and Atomization
      4. Foam Flows
         1. Foam Stability and Drainage
         2. Use in Firefighting and Enhanced Oil Recovery
      5. Applications in Industry
         1. Oil and Gas Separation
         2. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
   2. Non-Newtonian Fluids
      1. Shear-Thinning Fluids
         1. Common Examples (e.g., Paints, Blood)
         2. Rheological Models (e.g., Power-law Model)
      2. Shear-Thickening Fluids
         1. Mechanistic Understanding
         2. Impact on Product Formulation and Safety Gear
      3. Viscoelastic Fluids
         1. Stress Relaxation and Retardation
         2. Oldroyd and Maxwell Models
         3. Use in Food and Biotech Industries
      4. Thixotropic and Rheopectic Fluids
         1. Time-dependent Viscosity
         2. Applications in Drilling Muds and Ketchup
   3. Flow Instabilities
      1. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
         1. Physical Mechanism
         2. Occurrence in Atmosphere and Oceans
      2. Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
         1. Density-driven Instability
         2. Importance in Supernovae and Inertial Confinement Fusion
      3. Tollmien-Schlichting Instability
         1. Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
         2. Control Techniques in Aeronautics
   4. Flow Separation and Reattachment
      1. Causes and Effects
      2. Impact on Aerodynamics and Energy Loss
      3. Techniques to Control Separation (e.g., Vortex Generators)
   5. Shock Waves
      1. Formation and Characterization
      2. Effects in Supersonic and Hypersonic Flows
      3. Impact on Aircraft Design and Spacecraft Re-entry
   6. Aeroacoustics
      1. Noise Control
         1. Strategies for Reducing Turbulent Noise
         2. Applications in Aircraft and Automotive Industries
      2. Sonic Boom
         1. Causes and Implications
         2. Mitigation Measures in Supersonic Flight
   7. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
      1. Magnetic Fields in Conducting Fluids
      2. Applications in Astrophysics and Fusion Reactors
      3. MHD Waves and Instabilities
   8. Compressible Flow
      1. Effects of Compressibility on Fluid Properties
      2. Applications in Nozzle Flows and Gas Dynamics
      3. High-Speed Aerodynamics
   9. Microfluidics
      1. Lab-on-a-chip Technologies
      2. Manipulation of Fluids at the Microscale
      3. Applications in Medical Diagnostics and Chemical Analysis