Fluid Dynamics

1. Experimental Fluid Dynamics
   1. Overview
      1. Definition and Importance
         1. Understanding fluid behavior through physical experimentation
         2. Complementing theoretical and computational approaches
         3. Application across various fields of science and engineering
   2. Experimental Techniques
      1. Visualization Methods
         1. Flow Visualization Techniques
            1. Smoke and Dye Injection
            2. Schlieren and Shadowgraph Imaging
            3. Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions
      2. Measurement Methods
         1. Velocity Measurements
            1. Hot-Wire Anemometry
         2. Pressure Measurements
            1. Pressure Taps and Transducers
            2. Manometry Techniques
         3. Temperature Measurements
            1. Thermocouples and Thermistors
            2. Infrared Thermography
   3. Advanced Techniques
      1. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
         1. Principle and Application
         2. 2D vs 3D PIV
         3. Stereoscopic PIV
         4. Time-Resolved PIV
      2. Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA)
         1. Functioning and Set-up
         2. Advantages and Limitations
         3. Applicability in Transparent Fluid Flows
      3. Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)
         1. Usage in Concentration Fields
         2. Combustion Analysis
         3. Temperature Field Visualizations
   4. Experimental Facilities and Set-ups
      1. Wind Tunnels
         1. Types and Classification
         2. Boundary Layer Wind Tunnels
         3. Testing Scale Models and Full-Scale Objects
      2. Water Channels and Flumes
         1. Design Specifications
         2. Applications in Coastal and Environmental Engineering
         3. Calibrations and Corrections
      3. Tow Tanks
         1. Use in Naval and Marine Engineering
         2. Hydrodynamic Performance Testing
   5. Data Acquisition and Processing
      1. Sensors and Instrumentation
         1. Calibration Techniques
         2. Noise Reduction and Error Minimization
         3. Data Sampling Rates
      2. Signal Processing Techniques
         1. Fourier Transforms
         2. Digital Filtering
         3. Data Smoothing and Visualization
   6. Applications in Research and Development
      1. Aerospace Engineering
         1. Aerodynamic Efficiency Studies
         2. Flow Separation and Control
      2. Automotive Engineering
         1. Drag Reduction Strategies
         2. Cabin Comfort Studies
      3. Civil and Environmental Engineering
         1. River Hydraulics
         2. Sediment Transport
      4. Biomedical Engineering
         1. Cardiovascular Flow Analysis
         2. Respiratory Airflow Studies
   7. Emerging Technologies and Trends
      1. Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip Devices
         1. Nano-PIV Techniques
         2. Droplet Microfluidics
      2. Smart Materials and Actuators
         1. Active Flow Control
         2. Shape Memory Alloys in Fluid Systems
      3. Global Flow Diagnostics
         1. Augmented Reality in Experimental Visualization
         2. AI and Machine Learning in Data Analysis
   8. Challenges and Limitations
      1. Scale Effects and Similarity
         1. Challenges in Scaling Down or Up
         2. Matching Reynolds and Froude Numbers
      2. Facility-Induced Disturbances
         1. Minimizing Environmental and Boundary Influences
      3. Measurement Uncertainty and Error Analysis
         1. Systematic and Random Errors
         2. Uncertainty Quantification in Fluid Experiments