Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It encompasses the analysis of fluid flow, the forces and interactions involved, and the resulting patterns and phenomena. Fluid dynamics is essential for understanding various applications, from the aerodynamics of vehicles and the design of aircraft to predicting weather patterns and modeling ocean currents. The field relies on mathematical equations, such as the Navier-Stokes equations, to describe fluid motion, making it a key area of research in both theoretical and applied physics.

1. Fundamentals of Fluid Dynamics
   1. Definition of Fluids
      1. Liquids
         1. Characteristics of Liquids
            1. Incompressibility
            2. Surface Tension Effects
         2. Applications in Daily Life
            1. Household Liquids
            2. Industrial Liquids
      2. Gases
         1. Characteristics of Gases
            1. Compressibility
            2. Diffusion Properties
         2. Applications in Technology
            1. Gas Supply Systems
            2. Insulation and Cooling
   2. Continuum Assumption
      1. Definition and Justification
      2. Limitations of Continuum Assumption
         1. Molecular Dynamics
         2. Nanofluidics
      3. Application in Mathematical Modeling
   3. Fluid Properties
      1. Density
         1. Definition and Units
         2. Varied Density Effects
            1. Buoyancy
            2. Stratification
      2. Viscosity
         1. Definition and Types
            1. Dynamic Viscosity
            2. Kinematic Viscosity
         2. Influence on Flow Resistance
            1. Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
      3. Surface Tension
         1. Definition and Measurement
         2. Role in Phenomenon
            1. Capillarity
            2. Droplet Dynamics
      4. Compressibility
         1. Compressibility Factor
         2. Its Role in Fluid Modeling
            1. Mach number effects
            2. Influence on Sound Speed
      5. Thermal Conductivity
         1. Heat Transfer Mechanisms
         2. Applications in Cooling and Heating Systems
      6. Specific Heat Capacity
         1. Importance in Thermal Analysis
         2. Applications in Energy Systems
   4. Basic Fluid Dynamics Concepts
      1. Pressure
         1. Static Pressure vs. Dynamic Pressure
         2. Measurement Techniques
      2. Velocity Field
         1. Definition and Representation
         2. Relationship to Streamlines and Streaklines
      3. Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
         1. Definitions and Differences
         2. Applications in Visualizing Flow Fields
   5. Flow Regimes
      1. Laminar Flow
         1. Characteristics and Occurrences
         2. Mathematical Descriptions
            1. Hagen-Poiseuille Flow
      2. Turbulent Flow
         1. Characteristics and Complexities
         2. Reynolds Number Dependency
         3. Turbulence Modeling Challenges
      3. Transitional Flow
         1. Laminar to Turbulent Transition
         2. Critical Reynolds Number
      4. Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
         1. Identifying Compressibility Effects
         2. Applications in Aerospace Engineering
      5. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
         1. Definitions and Examples
            1. Pulsatile Flows
            2. Quasi-static Flows
      6. Rotational vs. Irrotational Flow
         1. Vorticity Concepts
         2. Potential Flow Applications