Biochemistry

1. Metabolism
   1. Overview of Metabolic Processes
      1. Definition and Importance
      2. Overview of Metabolic Pathways
      3. Role in Homeostasis
      4. Energy Balance in Metabolism
   2. Catabolic Pathways
      1. Glycolysis
         1. Overview
         2. Stages of Glycolysis
            1. Energy Investment Phase
            2. Energy Payoff Phase
         3. Key Enzymes
         4. Regulation of Glycolysis
         5. Role of Glycolysis in Anaerobic Conditions
      2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
         1. Overview
         2. Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle
         3. Production of NADH and FADH2
         4. Importance in Cellular Respiration
         5. Regulation Mechanisms
      3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
         1. Overview
         2. Electron Transport Chain
         3. Chemiosmotic Theory
         4. Role of ATP Synthase
         5. Regulation and Inhibitors
         6. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production
      4. Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
         1. Overview
         2. Steps in Beta-Oxidation
         3. Mitochondrial vs. Peroxisomal Beta-Oxidation
         4. Energy Yield from Fatty Acids
         5. Regulation of Beta-Oxidation
   3. Anabolic Pathways
      1. Gluconeogenesis
         1. Overview
         2. Key Steps and Enzymes
         3. Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
         4. Role in Blood Glucose Homeostasis
      2. Fatty Acid Synthesis
         1. Overview
         2. Role of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA
         3. Steps in Fatty Acid Synthesis
         4. Regulation by Nutritional State
      3. Amino Acid Synthesis
         1. Overview
         2. Essential vs. Non-Essential Amino Acids
         3. Biosynthetic Pathways for Key Amino Acids
         4. Regulation and Interconnections with Other Metabolic Pathways
      4. Nucleotide Synthesis
         1. Overview
         2. Purine and Pyrimidine Synthesis Pathways
         3. Role in Cell Proliferation and Growth
         4. Regulation and Implications in Cancer
   4. Metabolic Regulation
      1. Allosteric Regulation
         1. Definition and Examples
         2. Role in Metabolic Control
         3. Key Allosteric Enzymes in Metabolism
      2. Hormonal Regulation
         1. Role of Insulin and Glucagon
         2. Impact of Cortisol, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine
         3. Regulation by Thyroid Hormones
      3. Feedback Inhibition
         1. Examples in Metabolic Pathways
         2. Mechanism and Importance
      4. Integration of Metabolism
         1. Coordination Between Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism
         2. Metabolic Responses to Fasting and Feeding
         3. Diurnal Rhythms in Metabolism
         4. Adaptations to Exercise and Stress
   5. Pathways of Alternative Energy Production
      1. Ketogenesis
         1. Overview and Conditions for Ketogenesis
         2. Role of Ketone Bodies in Energy Metabolism
         3. Clinical Significance and Ketogenic Diets
      2. Glutamine Metabolism
         1. Role in Nitrogen Transfer
         2. Importance in Cancer Metabolism
      3. Metabolism of Ethanol
         1. Ethanol Oxidation Pathways
         2. Impact on Metabolic Pathways
         3. Toxic Metabolites and Liver Health
   6. Metabolic Disorders
      1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism
         1. Overview and Examples
         2. Genetic Basis
         3. Diagnosis and Treatment
      2. Metabolic Syndrome
         1. Definition and Components
         2. Implications for Health
         3. Preventative Measures and Treatments