Biochemistry

  1. Biomolecules
    1. Proteins
      1. Amino Acids: Building Blocks
        1. Essential Amino Acids
          1. Non-essential Amino Acids
            1. Amino Acid Structure
              1. Amino Group
                1. Carboxyl Group
                  1. Side Chains (R Groups)
                  2. Peptide Bonds
                    1. Chirality and Stereochemistry
                    2. Protein Structure
                      1. Primary Structure
                        1. Amino Acid Sequence
                          1. Importance of Sequence in Function
                          2. Secondary Structure
                            1. Hydrogen Bonding Role
                              1. Alpha Helix
                                1. Right-handed Helices
                                  1. Role in Membrane Proteins
                                  2. Beta Sheet
                                    1. Parallel and Antiparallel Sheets
                                      1. Stability Factors
                                        1. Role in Fibrillar Proteins
                                      2. Tertiary Structure
                                        1. Folding and Stabilization
                                          1. Hydrophobic Interactions
                                            1. Disulfide Bonds
                                              1. Domains and Motifs
                                              2. Quaternary Structure
                                                1. Subunit Interaction
                                                  1. Cooperativity
                                                    1. Examples (e.g., Hemoglobin)
                                                  2. Protein Functions
                                                    1. Enzymatic Catalysis
                                                      1. Active Sites
                                                        1. Cofactors and Coenzymes
                                                          1. Catalytic Mechanisms
                                                          2. Structural Proteins
                                                            1. Collagen
                                                              1. Keratin
                                                                1. Elastin
                                                                2. Transport Proteins
                                                                  1. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
                                                                    1. Membrane Transporters
                                                                    2. Signaling Proteins
                                                                      1. Receptors
                                                                        1. G-Proteins
                                                                        2. Immune Proteins
                                                                          1. Antibodies
                                                                            1. Complement Proteins
                                                                          2. Enzyme Kinetics
                                                                            1. Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
                                                                              1. Km and Vmax
                                                                                1. Graphical Representation
                                                                                2. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                  1. Competitive Inhibition
                                                                                    1. Effect on Km and Vmax
                                                                                    2. Non-competitive Inhibition
                                                                                      1. Effect on Enzyme Activity
                                                                                      2. Uncompetitive Inhibition
                                                                                        1. Impact on Enzyme Kinetics
                                                                                  2. Nucleic Acids
                                                                                    1. DNA Structure and Function
                                                                                      1. Double Helix Model
                                                                                        1. Watson-Crick Base Pairs
                                                                                          1. Major and Minor Grooves
                                                                                          2. Base Pairing
                                                                                            1. Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                              1. Complementary Strands
                                                                                              2. DNA Replication
                                                                                                1. DNA Polymerases
                                                                                                  1. Leading and Lagging Strands
                                                                                                    1. Replication Fork
                                                                                                  2. RNA Structure and Function
                                                                                                    1. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
                                                                                                      1. Structure Differences
                                                                                                        1. Functions in Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                        2. Transcription and Translation
                                                                                                          1. Transcription Factors
                                                                                                            1. Ribosomes and Ribosomal RNA
                                                                                                            2. RNA Editing and Processing
                                                                                                              1. Splicing
                                                                                                                1. 5' Capping and Polyadenylation
                                                                                                              2. Genetic Code
                                                                                                                1. Codon Structure
                                                                                                                  1. Redundancy and Wobble Hypothesis
                                                                                                                  2. Mutations and DNA Repair
                                                                                                                    1. Point Mutations
                                                                                                                      1. Frameshift Mutations
                                                                                                                        1. DNA Repair Mechanisms
                                                                                                                          1. Excision Repair
                                                                                                                            1. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                                                        2. Carbohydrates
                                                                                                                          1. Monosaccharides
                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Classification
                                                                                                                              1. Isomerism (Alpha and Beta Forms)
                                                                                                                              2. Disaccharides
                                                                                                                                1. Glycosidic Bonds
                                                                                                                                  1. Common Disaccharides (e.g., Sucrose, Lactose)
                                                                                                                                  2. Polysaccharides
                                                                                                                                    1. Homopolysaccharides vs. Heteropolysaccharides
                                                                                                                                      1. Functions in Energy Storage and Structural Integrity
                                                                                                                                      2. Glycogen and Starch
                                                                                                                                        1. Storage in Animals vs. Plants
                                                                                                                                          1. Branching Patterns
                                                                                                                                          2. Cellulose
                                                                                                                                            1. Role in Plant Cell Walls
                                                                                                                                              1. Linear Chains and Hydrogen Bonding
                                                                                                                                              2. Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
                                                                                                                                                1. Role in Cell Membranes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Functions in Cell Recognition
                                                                                                                                                2. Lipids
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                    1. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
                                                                                                                                                      1. Cis and Trans Configurations
                                                                                                                                                      2. Triglycerides
                                                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Storage
                                                                                                                                                          2. Phospholipids
                                                                                                                                                            1. Amphipathic Nature
                                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Structure
                                                                                                                                                              2. Steroids and Sterols
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cholesterol and Hormone Precursor Role
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Steroid Hormones
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lipoproteins
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transport of Lipids in Blood
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types (e.g., LDL, HDL)
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Membranes
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lipid Bilayer Structure
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fluidity and Membrane Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fundamental Concepts in Biochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                      First Page
                                                                                                                                                                      3. Metabolism