Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms of biological phenomena, including the structure and function of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. By integrating principles of chemistry and biology, biochemistry seeks to unravel the complex interactions that govern cellular processes, metabolism, genetic information, and cell signaling, thereby contributing to advancements in fields like medicine, genetics, and biotechnology.

  1. Fundamental Concepts in Biochemistry
    1. Chemical Elements and Bonds
      1. Essential Elements in Organisms
        1. Carbon
          1. Hydrogen
            1. Nitrogen
              1. Oxygen
                1. Phosphorus
                  1. Sulfur
                  2. Covalent Bonds
                    1. Single Bonds
                      1. Double Bonds
                        1. Triple Bonds
                          1. Bond Polarity
                            1. Resonance Structures
                            2. Ionic Bonds
                              1. Ion Formation
                                1. Electrostatic Interaction
                                  1. Ionic Compounds in Biological Systems
                                    1. Solubility of Ionic Compounds
                                    2. Hydrogen Bonds
                                      1. Structure and Formation
                                        1. Role in Biological Molecules
                                          1. DNA Base Pairing
                                            1. Protein Folding
                                          2. van der Waals Forces
                                            1. London Dispersion Forces
                                              1. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
                                                1. Significance in Biological Systems
                                                  1. Protein-Ligand Binding
                                                    1. Membrane Stability
                                                2. Water: Solvent of Life
                                                  1. Properties of Water
                                                    1. Polarity
                                                      1. Cohesion and Adhesion
                                                        1. High Heat Capacity
                                                          1. Heat of Vaporization
                                                            1. Density Anomalies
                                                              1. Solvent Capabilities
                                                              2. Biological Roles of Water
                                                                1. Medium for Chemical Reactions
                                                                  1. Transport Medium
                                                                    1. Thermal Regulation
                                                                    2. Water in Cellular Processes
                                                                      1. Cellular Respiration
                                                                        1. Photosynthesis
                                                                          1. Hydrolysis Reactions
                                                                            1. Osmoregulation
                                                                          2. Bioenergetics
                                                                            1. Fundamental Principles
                                                                              1. Energy Transformation
                                                                                1. Entropy and Enthalpy
                                                                                2. Laws of Thermodynamics
                                                                                  1. First Law: Energy Conservation
                                                                                    1. Second Law: Entropy
                                                                                      1. Third Law: Absolute Zero
                                                                                        1. Application to Biological Systems
                                                                                        2. Gibbs Free Energy
                                                                                          1. Concept of Free Energy
                                                                                            1. Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions
                                                                                              1. Relationship with Reaction Equilibrium
                                                                                                1. Calculating ΔG
                                                                                                2. ATP: Energy Currency of the Cell
                                                                                                  1. Structure of ATP
                                                                                                    1. Role in Energy Transfer
                                                                                                      1. ATP Hydrolysis and Energy Release
                                                                                                        1. Phosphorylation and Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                          1. ATP Synthesis Mechanisms
                                                                                                            1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
                                                                                                              1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                                                                                                1. Photophosphorylation