Broken block ciphers | Data Encryption Standard
In cryptography, DES-X (or DESX) is a variant on the DES (Data Encryption Standard) symmetric-key block cipher intended to increase the complexity of a brute-force attack using a technique called key whitening. The original DES algorithm was specified in 1976 with a 56-bit key size: 256 possibilities for the key. There was criticism that an exhaustive search might be within the capabilities of large governments, particularly the United States' National Security Agency (NSA). One scheme to increase the key size of DES without substantially altering the algorithm was DES-X, proposed by Ron Rivest in May 1984. The algorithm has been included in RSA Security's BSAFE cryptographic library since the late 1980s. DES-X augments DES by XORing an extra 64 bits of key (K1) to the plaintext before applying DES, and then XORing another 64 bits of key (K2) after the encryption: The key size is thereby increased to 56 + (2 × 64) = 184 bits. However, the effective key size (security) is only increased to 56+64−1−lb(M) = 119 − lb(M) = ~119 bits, where M is the number of chosen plaintext/ciphertext pairs the adversary can obtain, and lb denotes the binary logarithm. Moreover, key size drops to 88 bits given 232.5 known plaintext and using advanced slide attack. DES-X also increases the strength of DES against differential cryptanalysis and linear cryptanalysis, although the improvement is much smaller than in the case of brute force attacks. It is estimated that differential cryptanalysis would require 261 chosen plaintexts (vs. 247 for DES), while linear cryptanalysis would require 260 known plaintexts (vs. 243 for DES or 261 for DES with independent subkeys.) Note that with 264 plaintexts (known or chosen being the same in this case), DES (or indeed any other block cipher with a 64 bit block size) is totally broken as the whole cipher's codebook becomes available. Although the differential and linear attacks, currently best attack on DES-X is a known-plaintext slide attackdiscovered by Biryukov-Wagner which has complexity of 232.5 known plaintexts and 287.5 time of analysis. Moreover the attack is easily converted into a ciphertext-only attack with the same data complexity and 295 offline time complexity. (Wikipedia).
DesmosLIVE: An Exploration of Desmos + Mathalicious
Kate Nowak of Mathalicious explores a few Mathalicious lessons with Desmos
From playlist Desmos LIVE
Here we show a quick way to set up a face in desmos using domain and range restrictions along with sliders. @shaunteaches
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What Is a radian? Coffee ☕️ + Desmos 🙂 this AM = https://www.desmos.com/calculator/bcgjcpci3k. Also added to https://teacher.desmos.com/activitybuilder/custom/60742b18afd8ae0d274b6efb.
From playlist Desmos Activities, Illustrations, and How-To's
Here, the scene we New Englanders desperately miss this time of year. #Math Ts: What can your Ss create using #Desmos? https://desmos.com/calculator/eorincufok #FunWithDesmos
From playlist Desmos Activities, Illustrations, and How-To's
Playing around in #Desmos & trying to create a setting where Ss can explore dilations in the coordinate plane. Not yet complete, but a start: https://teacher.desmos.com/activitybuilder/custom/6029d3fd03551c0bacd8b7f4
From playlist Desmos Activities, Illustrations, and How-To's
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Desmos Link: https://www.desmos.com/calculator/bmundg4zk5
From playlist Desmos Activities, Illustrations, and How-To's
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In this video, we show how to find the nth root on desmos
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From playlist Ecole d'été 2019 - Foliations and algebraic geometry
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From playlist Differential Equations Full Lectures
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From playlist Ecole d'été 2019 - Foliations and algebraic geometry
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Please Subscribe here, thank you!!! https://goo.gl/JQ8Nys How to Find the Form of the Particular Solution y_p in the Method of Undetermined Coefficients
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From playlist Precalculus | High School Math | Khan Academy
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The Insane Engineering of the 787
Watch the 60 minute Nebula version here: https://nebula.app/videos/real-engineering-the-insane-engineering-of-the-787 Sign up to Nebula here: https://go.nebula.tv/realengineering Links to everything I do: https://beacons.ai/brianmcmanus Credits: Writer/Narrator: Brian McManus Co-Writer
From playlist The Insane Engineering of..