Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic Processes
   1. Isothermal Process
      1. Definition and Characteristics
         1. Occurs at a constant temperature
         2. Involves heat exchange with surroundings
      2. Mathematical Analysis
         1. Use of Ideal Gas Law
         2. Isothermal Expansion and Compression
      3. Practical Examples
         1. Industrial Applications
         2. Isothermal Processes in Nature
   2. Adiabatic Process
      1. Definition and Characteristics
         1. No heat exchange with surroundings
         2. Temperature changes occur due to work done
      2. Equations and Analysis
         1. Adiabatic equation for perfect gases
         2. Specific Heat Ratios
      3. Types of Adiabatic Processes
         1. Adiabatic Expansion
         2. Adiabatic Compression
      4. Applications
         1. Adiabatic Cooling in Atmosphere
         2. Engineering and Thermodynamic Systems
   3. Isobaric Process
      1. Definition and Characteristics
         1. Occurs at constant pressure
      2. Mathematical Treatment
         1. Work done calculated using \( W = P \Delta V \)
         2. Analysis based on volume changes
      3. Examples in Real Life
         1. Heating and Cooling at constant pressure
         2. Engine Operations
   4. Isochoric Process
      1. Definition and Characteristics
         1. Volume remains constant
         2. No work is done on the system
      2. Mathematical Representation
         1. Relation between pressure and temperature
      3. Use Cases
         1. Chemical Reactions at Constant Volume
         2. Calibration of Thermometric Devices
   5. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
      1. Definition and Comparison
         1. Reversible: Infinite number of equilibrium states
         2. Irreversible: Finite rate processes, real-world processes
      2. Factors Affecting Reversibility
         1. Friction, Turbulence, Inelastic Deformation
      3. Examples and Applications
         1. Ideal vs Real Engine Cycles
         2. Reversibility in Natural Systems
   6. Cyclic Processes
      1. Basic Definition
         1. Processes that return a system to its initial state
      2. Analysis of Cycles
         1. Efficiency Calculations
         2. Work Output Analysis
      3. Common Cyclic Processes
         1. Power Generation Cycles
         2. Refrigeration Cycles
      4. Connection to Thermodynamic Cycles and Heat Engines