Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamic Systems
   1. Definition and Characteristics
      1. A collection of matter within a defined boundary
      2. Interaction with surroundings through energy and/or mass transfer
      3. Contains a system boundary, system, and surroundings
   2. Types of Thermodynamic Systems
      1. Open System
         1. Definition: Allows exchange of both energy and mass with surroundings
         2. Examples: Human body, open saucepan boiling water
         3. Applications: Chemical reactors, atmospheric systems
      2. Closed System
         1. Definition: Allows exchange of energy but not mass with surroundings
         2. Examples: A sealed balloon, a piston-cylinder device
         3. Applications: Boilers, refrigeration cycles
      3. Isolated System
         1. Definition: No exchange of energy or mass with surroundings
         2. Examples: An insulated flask, universe as a whole
         3. Applications: Theoretical analysis in energy conservation
   3. Control Volumes
      1. Definition: A specified region in space through which mass and energy may flow
      2. Use in Analysis: Common in fluid dynamics and engineering
      3. Example: The space around a turbine blade in a turbine casing
   4. Boundaries and Interfaces
      1. Real and Imaginary Boundaries
         1. Real: Physical barriers such as walls or surfaces
         2. Imaginary: Defined by analysis for simpler calculations
      2. Fixed and Moving Boundaries
         1. Fixed: Non-changing, like a cylinder wall
         2. Moving: Changing boundary during a process, like a piston
   5. Processes involving Thermodynamic Systems
      1. Steady-State vs. Unsteady-State
         1. Steady-State: Conditions remain constant over time
         2. Unsteady-State: Conditions change with time
      2. Transient Processes
         1. Involves time-dependent changes within the system
         2. Examples: Charging a battery, heating a liquid
   6. System Properties and State Variables
      1. Properties: Characteristics such as pressure, volume, temperature
      2. State Variables: Descriptors of system state including both intensive and extensive properties
      3. Equilibrium States
         1. Mechanical Equilibrium: No pressure changes within the system
         2. Thermal Equilibrium: Uniform temperature throughout the system
         3. Chemical Equilibrium: No chemical potential differences within the system
      4. State Postulates: Define the number of properties required to fix the system state
   7. Energy Interactions in Thermodynamic Systems
      1. Work and Heat Transfer
         1. Work: Energy transfer through force acting over a distance
         2. Heat: Energy transfer due to temperature difference
      2. Energy Conversion
         1. Conversion of different forms of energy (mechanical, electrical, thermal)
   8. Analysis Techniques
      1. Energy Balance Equations
         1. Application in closed and open systems
         2. First Law of Thermodynamics for systems analysis
      2. Mass Balance
         1. Law of conservation of mass applied within the control volume
      3. Control Surface Analysis
         1. Examination of variables crossing the control boundary
   9. Examples in Real-World Applications
      1. HVAC Systems
         1. Control of indoor climate conditions
      2. Power Plants
         1. Conversion of fuel energy into electrical power
      3. Engines and Turbines
         1. Functionality analysis within thermal systems