Physical Chemistry

1. Experimental Techniques
   1. Calorimetry
      1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
         1. Principle and Mechanism
         2. Applications in determining melting points and glass transitions
         3. Analysis of reaction kinetics
         4. Thermal stability of materials
      2. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC)
         1. Principle and Mechanism
         2. Measurement of binding affinities
         3. Thermal effects in biochemical reactions
         4. Determination of stoichiometry in molecular interactions
      3. Bomb Calorimetry
         1. Principle and Mechanism
         2. Measurement of the heat of combustion
         3. Applications in fuel energy content analysis
         4. Safety and protocol considerations
   2. Spectroscopic Methods
      1. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
         1. Fundamental Principles
         2. Sample Preparation, Transmission, and Reflection Techniques
         3. Interpretation of IR spectra
         4. Applications in identifying functional groups
      2. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
         1. Absorption Spectra Principles
         2. Beer-Lambert Law and quantitative analysis
         3. Applications in concentration determination
         4. Monitoring of reaction progress
      3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
         1. Principles of Magnetic Resonance
         2. Chemical Shifts, Spin-Spin Coupling, and Relaxation
         3. 1D and 2D NMR techniques
         4. Application in structural elucidation of organic compounds
      4. Mass Spectrometry
         1. Ionization Techniques (e.g., ESI, MALDI)
         2. Mass Analyzers (e.g., TOF, Quadrupole)
         3. Fragmentation Patterns
         4. Applications in molecular weight determination and structural analysis
   3. Chromatographic Methods
      1. Gas Chromatography (GC)
         1. Principles of Gas Chromatography
         2. Columns and Detectors (e.g., FID, ECD)
         3. Sample Preparation and Injection
         4. Applications in volatile compound analysis
      2. Liquid Chromatography (LC)
         1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
            1. Column Types and Stationary Phases
            2. Detectors (e.g., UV, Fluorescence)
            3. Applications in pharmaceuticals and biomolecules
         2. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
            1. Principles and Techniques
            2. Visualization Methods
            3. Qualitative Analysis Applications
   4. Scattering Techniques
      1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
         1. Principles of X-ray diffraction
         2. Crystal Structure Determination
         3. Analysis of crystalline phases
         4. Application in pharmaceutical and material science
      2. Neutron Diffraction
         1. Fundamental principles and differences from XRD
         2. Application in determining hydrogen positions
         3. Use in studying magnetic structures
   5. Microscopy Methods
      1. Electron Microscopy
         1. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
            1. Imaging Techniques and Sample Preparation
            2. Resolution and Magnification Capabilities
            3. Applications in nanostructure analysis
         2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
            1. Surface Imaging Techniques
            2. Elemental Analysis using EDS
            3. Applications in material morphology studies
      2. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
         1. Principles of AFM operation
         2. Imaging modes (contact, non-contact)
         3. Applications in surface topography and roughness analysis
      3. Fluorescence Microscopy
         1. Fluorochrome Labeling and Detection
         2. Techniques such as Confocal and Live-cell Imaging
         3. Applications in cell biology and molecular diagnostics