Immunology

1. Immunodeficiencies
   1. Primary Immunodeficiencies
      1. Genetic Disorders
         1. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
            1. Types of SCID (e.g., X-linked, ADA deficiency)
            2. Genetic mutations involved
            3. Treatment options
               1. Bone marrow transplant
               2. Gene therapy
         2. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
            1. Clinical manifestations
            2. Diagnostic criteria
            3. Management strategies
         3. X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia)
            1. Pathophysiology
            2. Laboratory findings
            3. Treatment modalities
               1. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy
         4. Hyper-IgM Syndromes
            1. Classification (e.g., CD40 ligand deficiency)
            2. Immune dysfunctions
            3. Therapeutic interventions
         5. Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
            1. Defective phagocyte function
            2. Infectious risks
            3. Long-term management
               1. Antibiotic prophylaxis
               2. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
      2. Congenital Defects
         1. DiGeorge Syndrome
            1. Chromosomal deletions
            2. Effects on thymus and parathyroid
            3. Treatment and lifestyle adjustments
         2. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
            1. Immunological and hematological issues
            2. Risk of autoimmunity and malignancy
            3. Treatment options
         3. Ataxia-Telangiectasia
            1. Neurological and immunological manifestations
            2. Cancer predisposition
            3. Symptom management
   2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies
      1. Acquired Conditions
         1. Malnutrition
            1. Impact on immune cell function
            2. Nutritional interventions
         2. Protein-calorie malnutrition
            1. Common clinical presentations
            2. Mitigation strategies
         3. Chronic illnesses
            1. Diabetes mellitus
            2. Chronic kidney disease
            3. Hepatic insufficiency
            4. Effect on immune competence
      2. Consequences of Treatments
         1. Chemotherapy and Radiation
            1. Effects on bone marrow and lymphocytes
            2. Strategies to mitigate immune suppression
               1. Growth factors
               2. Prophylactic antimicrobials
         2. Immunosuppressive Drugs
            1. Mechanisms of drug-induced immunosuppression
            2. Monitoring and adjusting therapy
               1. Drug interactions
               2. Managing side effects
         3. Corticosteroids
            1. Broad effects on immune function
            2. Tapering and withdrawal approaches
         4. Other immunosuppressive therapies
            1. Monoclonal antibodies
            2. Biological response modifiers
   3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
      1. Pathogenesis
         1. Viral entry and replication
         2. Evasion of host immune response
         3. Latent reservoirs and challenges in eradication
      2. Impact on the Immune System
         1. CD4+ T cell depletion
         2. Functional impairments in immune response
         3. Opportunistic infections
         4. Comorbid conditions
      3. Diagnosis
         1. Serological testing
         2. Molecular assays
         3. CD4+ count and viral load monitoring
      4. Management
         1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
            1. Principles and regimens
            2. Adherence and resistance issues
         2. Preventive measures for co-infections
            1. Tuberculosis
            2. Hepatitis B and C
         3. Immune restoration and reconstitution
            1. Role of adjunct therapies
         4. Psychosocial support