Immunology

1. Immunological Techniques and Assays
   1. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
      1. Types of ELISA
         1. Direct ELISA
         2. Indirect ELISA
         3. Sandwich ELISA
         4. Competitive ELISA
      2. Applications
         1. Diagnostics
         2. Vaccine potency testing
         3. Protein quantification
      3. Key Components
         1. Enzymes
            1. Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)
            2. Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)
         2. Substrates
         3. Antibodies
      4. Advantages and Limitations
         1. Sensitivity and specificity
         2. Cross-reactivity issues
   2. Flow Cytometry
      1. Basic Principles
         1. Light scattering
         2. Fluorescent labeling
      2. Components of Flow Cytometry
         1. Fluidics
         2. Optics
         3. Electronics
      3. Data Analysis
         1. Histograms and dot plots
         2. Gating strategies
      4. Applications
         1. Immunophenotyping
         2. Cell sorting
         3. Apoptosis detection
      5. Considerations
         1. Multicolor flow cytometry
         2. Compensation for spectral overlap
   3. Western Blotting
      1. Basic Steps
         1. Sample preparation
         2. Gel electrophoresis
         3. Transfer to membrane
         4. Blocking
         5. Antibody probing
         6. Detection
      2. Types of Detection
         1. Chemiluminescence
         2. Colorimetric
         3. Fluorescent
      3. Applications
         1. Detection of proteins
         2. Analysis of protein modifications
      4. Advantages and Challenges
         1. Specificity versus time-consuming processes
   4. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
      1. Principles and Techniques
         1. Antibody-based detection in situ
         2. Chromogenic vs. Fluorescent labeling
      2. Sample Preparation
         1. Fixation
         2. Embedding and sectioning
      3. Applications
         1. Pathological diagnosis
         2. Biomarker identification
      4. Strengths and Limitations
         1. Quantitative analysis challenges
   5. Microscopic Techniques
      1. Fluorescence Microscopy
         1. Epifluorescence
         2. Confocal microscopy
         3. Super-resolution microscopy
      2. Electron Microscopy
         1. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
         2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
      3. Light Microscopy
         1. Phase contrast
         2. Differential interference contrast
      4. Applications
         1. Cellular localization studies
         2. Analysis of protein-protein interactions
      5. Considerations
         1. Resolution limits
         2. Sample preparation procedures
   6. Additional Techniques
      1. Immunoprecipitation
         1. Principle and methodology
         2. Applications in protein interaction studies
      2. Immunoassays
         1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
         2. Lateral flow assays
      3. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
         1. Principles of biomolecular interactions
         2. Kinetic analysis
      4. Multiplex Assays
         1. Bead-based multiplex assays
         2. Microarray technology for simultaneous detection
   7. Data Analysis in Immunological Assays
      1. Statistical methods
         1. Data normalization
         2. Significance testing
      2. Bioinformatics Tools
         1. Software for flow cytometry data analysis
         2. Automation in image analysis
   8. Innovations and Technological Advances
      1. High-throughput screening techniques
      2. Integration of artificial intelligence
      3. Development of portable devices for field applications