Immunology

1. Autoimmune Diseases
   1. Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
      1. Genetic Predisposition
         1. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Genes
         2. Non-HLA Genetic Factors
      2. Environmental Triggers
         1. Infections
         2. Diet
         3. Toxins and Pollutants
         4. Stress
      3. Immune Dysregulation
         1. Breakdown of Self-Tolerance
            1. Central Tolerance
               1. Negative Selection in Thymus
            2. Peripheral Tolerance
               1. Regulatory T Cells
               2. Anergy
               3. Immune Privilege Sites
         2. Molecular Mimicry
         3. Epitope Spreading
         4. Bystander Activation
   2. Common Autoimmune Disorders
      1. Organ-Specific Autoimmunity
         1. Type 1 Diabetes
            1. Pathophysiology
            2. Genetic Factors
            3. Environmental Factors
         2. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
            1. Pathophysiology
            2. Autoantibodies
         3. Graves' Disease
            1. Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins
            2. Clinical Manifestations
      2. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
         1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
            1. Autoantibodies (Rheumatoid Factor, Anti-CCP)
            2. Joint Inflammation
            3. Extra-articular Manifestations
         2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
            1. Role of Autoantibodies
            2. Clinical Features
            3. Genetic and Environmental Triggers
         3. Multiple Sclerosis
            1. Demyelination in CNS
            2. Role of T Cells and B Cells
   3. Diagnostic Approaches
      1. Clinical Assessment
         1. Patient History
         2. Symptomatology
      2. Laboratory Tests
         1. Autoantibody Detection
            1. Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
            2. Specific Autoantibodies (e.g., Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Smith)
         2. Inflammatory Markers
            1. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
            2. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
      3. Imaging Techniques
         1. MRI for Multiple Sclerosis
         2. Ultrasound for Joint Inflammation
      4. Functional Tests
         1. Glucose Tolerance Test for Type 1 Diabetes
         2. Thyroid Function Tests
   4. Therapeutic Strategies
      1. Pharmacological Treatments
         1. Immunosuppressive Agents
            1. Corticosteroids
            2. Methotrexate
            3. Cyclophosphamide
         2. Biologic Agents
            1. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors
            2. Interleukin Inhibitors
            3. B cell Depleting Agents
      2. Non-Pharmacological Interventions
         1. Lifestyle Modifications
            1. Diet and Nutrition
            2. Exercise and Physical Therapy
         2. Stress Management Techniques
      3. Experimental and Emerging Treatments
         1. Stem Cell Therapy
         2. Tolerogenic Vaccination
         3. Gene Therapy
         4. Personalized Immunotherapy
   5. Impact and Management of Autoimmune Diseases
      1. Quality of Life Considerations
         1. Physical and Mental Health Impact
         2. Social and Economic Burden
      2. Disease Monitoring and Management
         1. Regular Medical Follow-ups
         2. Patient Education and Support
      3. Advances and Future Directions
         1. Biomarker Discovery for Early Detection
         2. Innovative Research in Pathogenesis
         3. Development of Targeted Therapies