Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Specialized Areas
   1. Pathophysiology
      1. Disease Mechanisms
         1. Cellular Injury
            1. Types of Cellular Injury
            2. Mechanisms of Injury (e.g., oxidative stress, apoptosis)
         2. Inflammation
            1. Acute Inflammation
            2. Chronic Inflammation
         3. Immune System Disorders
            1. Autoimmunity
            2. Hypersensitivities
            3. Immunodeficiencies
         4. Metabolic Disorders
            1. Diabetes
            2. Hyperlipidemia
         5. Oncology
            1. Tumor Growth and Metastasis
            2. Mutational Drivers
      2. Homeostatic Imbalances
         1. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
            1. Dehydration
            2. Edema
         2. Acid-Base Disorders
            1. Acidosis
            2. Alkalosis
         3. Temperature Regulation Failures
            1. Hyperthermia
            2. Hypothermia
   2. Comparative Anatomy
      1. Human vs. Animal Anatomy
         1. Skeletal Differences
            1. Bone Structure Variations
            2. Joint Adaptations
         2. Muscular System Comparisons
            1. Muscle Types and Arrangements
         3. Reproductive Systems
            1. Oviparous vs. Viviparous Anatomies
         4. Nervous System Complexities
            1. Brain Structure Differences
            2. Sensory Organs
         5. Cardiovascular Differences
            1. Heart Chambers
            2. Blood Circulation Types
   3. Evolutionary Physiology
      1. Adaptations and Changes
         1. Physiological Adaptations to Environment
            1. Thermoregulation
            2. Water Conservation
         2. Evolution of Organ Systems
            1. Respiratory Adaptations
            2. Circulatory Efficiency
         3. Behavioral Evolution
            1. Migration Patterns
            2. Social Behaviors and Communication
         4. Genetic Variations and Natural Selection
   4. Clinical Anatomy
      1. Radiologic Anatomy
         1. Imaging Techniques
            1. X-rays
            2. MRI Scans
         2. Anatomical Variants Detected by Imaging
      2. Surgical Anatomy
         1. Anatomical Landmarks for Procedures
         2. Variations in Human Anatomy Relevant to Surgery
         3. Minimally Invasive Surgical Approaches
   5. Exercise Physiology
      1. Effects of Exercise on Body Systems
         1. Cardiovascular Adaptations
         2. Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy
         3. Bone Density Changes
         4. Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Benefits
      2. Performance Enhancements
         1. Training Programs
            1. Aerobic Conditioning
            2. Resistance Training
         2. Use of Ergogenic Aids
            1. Supplements
            2. Hydration Strategies
         3. Recovery and Injury Prevention
            1. Stretching and Flexibility
            2. Nutrition and Rest
   6. Developmental Anatomy
      1. Embryology
         1. Fertilization and Early Development
         2. Organogenesis
         3. Fetal Development Timeline
      2. Growth Stages
         1. Neonatal and Infant Growth Milestones
         2. Puberty and Adolescence
         3. Aging Process and Senescence
         4. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Development