Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Applications
   1. Medical Imaging
      1. MRI
         1. Principles of Magnetic Resonance
            1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
            2. Relaxation Times (T1, T2)
         2. Structural Imaging
         3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
            1. Brain Activity Mapping
            2. Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent (BOLD) Signal
         4. Safety and Precautions
         5. Clinical Applications
            1. Neurological Disorders
            2. Musculoskeletal Imaging
      2. CT Scans
         1. Computed Tomography Principles
            1. X-ray Beam Technology
            2. Cross-sectional Imaging
         2. Contrast Agents
            1. Use and Types
            2. Allergic Reactions and Complications
         3. Applications and Limitations
            1. Cancer Detection
            2. Trauma Assessment
         4. Safety Considerations
            1. Radiation Exposure
            2. Protective Measures
      3. Ultrasound
         1. Principles of Ultrasonography
            1. Sound Wave Propagation
            2. Echo Reflection
         2. Doppler Ultrasound
            1. Blood Flow Analysis
            2. Heart Valves and Vessels Examination
         3. 3D and 4D Ultrasound
            1. Fetal Anatomy
            2. Organ Visualization
         4. Clinical Applications
            1. Obstetrics and Gynecology
            2. Abdominal Imaging
         5. Limitations and Challenges
            1. Image Quality
            2. Operator Dependency
   2. Anatomical Models and Simulations
      1. Physical Models
         1. Plastic and Silicone Models
         2. Use in Education and Training
         3. Limitations of Physical Models
      2. Computer Simulations
         1. Virtual Reality (VR) Applications
         2. Augmented Reality (AR) in Anatomy
         3. Interactive Software for Self-Study
         4. Use in Surgical Planning and Simulation
      3. 3D Printing in Anatomy
         1. Custom Model Creation
         2. Teaching and Research Applications
         3. Precision and Material Considerations
   3. Experiments and Research
      1. Laboratory Studies
         1. Animal Models
            1. Ethical Considerations
            2. Translational Research
         2. Human Volunteers
            1. Ethical Approvals and Consent
            2. Experimental Protocols
      2. Research in Anatomical Variations
         1. Documentation of Variability
         2. Implications for Treatment and Surgery
      3. Technological Integration in Research
         1. Wearable Technology for Monitoring
         2. Imaging Software for Analysis
   4. Health and Disease Education
      1. Public Health Campaigns
         1. Use of Anatomical Knowledge in Disease Prevention
         2. Community Engagement Strategies
      2. Curriculum Development in Education
         1. Anatomy for Health Professionals
         2. Innovative Teaching Methods
      3. Visual Aids and Media
         1. Diagrams and Models for Learning
         2. Interactive Platforms
   5. Therapeutic Practices
      1. Physical Therapy
         1. Anatomy in Rehabilitation
         2. Techniques and Modalities
            1. Manual Therapy
            2. Exercise Prescription
         3. Patient Assessment and Progress Tracking
      2. Occupational Therapy
         1. Adapting Daily Activities
         2. Ergonomic Modifications
         3. Role of Anatomy in Functional Recovery
      3. Integrative Therapies
         1. Massage Therapy
            1. Techniques and Anatomical Targets
            2. Therapeutic Benefits
         2. Acupuncture
            1. Anatomical Points and Channels
            2. Mechanisms of Action
      4. Surgical Applications
         1. Pre-operative Planning
         2. Minimally Invasive Techniques
         3. Effect of Anatomical Knowledge on Outcomes