General Chemistry

1. The Periodic Table
   1. History and Development
      1. Early classifications
         1. Triads
         2. Law of Octaves
      2. Mendeleev’s periodic table
         1. Organization principles
         2. Prediction of undiscovered elements
         3. Mendeleev's contributions to periodic law
      3. Modern periodic table
         1. Arrangement by atomic number
         2. Modifications over time
         3. Contributions from scientists like Moseley
   2. Periodic Law
      1. Definition and significance
      2. Role in predicting element properties
      3. Implications for periodic trends and chemical behavior
   3. Groups and Periods
      1. Definition of groups (columns)
         1. Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
         2. Halogens and noble gases
         3. Transition metals and inner transition metals
      2. Definition of periods (rows)
         1. Significance of period progression
         2. Electron shell filling across periods
   4. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids
      1. Characteristics of metals
         1. Conductivity, malleability, ductility
         2. Common examples and uses
      2. Characteristics of nonmetals
         1. Insulation, brittleness, chemical variations
         2. Examples and environmental roles
      3. Metalloids
         1. Properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals
         2. Examples and applications (e.g., semiconductors)
   5. Periodic Trends
      1. Atomic radius
         1. Variation across periods and groups
         2. Factors influencing atomic size
         3. Trends explanation via electron shielding and nuclear charge
      2. Ionization energy
         1. Definition and importance in reactivity
         2. Trends across the periodic table
         3. Factors affecting ionization energy
      3. Electron affinity
         1. Definition and its role in forming anions
         2. General trends and exceptions
         3. Measurement challenges
      4. Electronegativity
         1. Definition and relevance to chemical bonding
         2. Scale and trend across the periodic table
         3. Influence on molecule polarity and reaction characteristics
   6. Applications of Periodic Trends
      1. Predicting element reactivity and bonding
      2. Design of new materials based on periodic properties
      3. Uses in industrial processes (e.g., metal extraction, catalysis)
   7. Element Classification
      1. Main group elements
         1. Physical and chemical properties
      2. Transition metals
         1. Unique properties like variable oxidation states
         2. Important industrial and biological roles
      3. Lanthanides and actinides
         1. Application in technology and energy sources
         2. Challenges in isolation and usage