Criminal Law

1. Defenses in Criminal Law
   1. Alibi
      1. Definition and explanation
         1. Evidence showing the accused was elsewhere
         2. Importance of corroboration
      2. Establishing an alibi
         1. Witnesses and documentation
         2. Timing and location specifics
      3. Potential issues and counterarguments
         1. Reliability of witnesses
         2. Gaps in the timeline
   2. Self-defense
      1. Elements of self-defense
         1. Imminent threat
         2. Proportional response
         3. Reasonable belief of harm
      2. Legal standards
         1. Objective vs. subjective standards
         2. Duty to retreat vs. stand your ground laws
      3. Special considerations
         1. Defense of others
         2. Defense of property
   3. Insanity defense
      1. Legal tests for insanity
         1. M'Naghten Rule
         2. Irresistible Impulse Test
         3. Durham Rule
         4. Model Penal Code Test
      2. Process of raising the defense
         1. Psychological evaluations
         2. Burden of proof
      3. Consequences and outcomes
         1. Not guilty by reason of insanity verdict
         2. Commitment to mental health facility
      4. Criticisms and reforms
         1. Public perception of the insanity defense
         2. Calls for forensic mental health evaluation standards
   4. Duress
      1. Definition and requirements
         1. Immediate threat of harm
         2. No reasonable escape
         3. Coercion by another
      2. Limitations
         1. Not applicable in cases of murder
         2. Voluntary engagement in criminal enterprise
      3. Legal recognition and application
         1. Element of human frailty in pressure situations
   5. Entrapment
      1. Definition and key elements
         1. Inducement by law enforcement
         2. Lack of predisposition to commit the crime
      2. Methods of proof
         1. Evidence of government agents' actions
         2. Examination of defendant's background
      3. Differences in jurisdictions
         1. Subjective vs. Objective Test
   6. Necessity
      1. Definition and rationale
         1. Choosing the lesser of two evils
         2. Avoidance of greater harm
      2. Criteria for application
         1. Imminence of the harm
         2. Absence of legal alternatives
      3. Cases and examples
         1. Natural disasters
         2. Medical emergencies
      4. Relationship to other defenses
         1. Differences between necessity and duress
   7. Mistake of fact
      1. Definition and distinction
         1. Honest and reasonable mistake
         2. Impact on mens rea
      2. Applicable situations
         1. Property crimes
         2. Consent-based offenses
      3. Differences from mistake of law
         1. Legal incapacity to negate criminal liability with ignorance of the law
   8. Intoxication
      1. Voluntary intoxication
         1. Impact on specific intent crimes
         2. Defense limitations and repercussions
      2. Involuntary intoxication
         1. Potential to negate mens rea
         2. Examples and real-life scenarios
      3. Legal considerations
         1. Establishing level of intoxication
         2. Interaction with other defenses