Biophysics

1. Biophysical Applications in Medicine
   1. Medical Imaging
      1. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
         1. Principles of magnetic resonance
         2. Functional MRI (fMRI) for brain function assessment
         3. Application in detecting tumors, strokes, and other abnormalities
         4. Advanced MRI techniques
            1. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
            2. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
      2. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
         1. Principles of positron emission and radiotracers
         2. Applications in cancer detection and monitoring
         3. Combination with CT for better resolution (PET-CT)
      3. Ultrasound Imaging
         1. Uses of high-frequency sound waves
         2. Doppler ultrasound for blood flow analysis
         3. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
         4. 3D and 4D ultrasound imaging techniques
   2. Radiation Biophysics
      1. Effects of Radiation on Biological Tissues
         1. Mechanisms of radiation damage at the cellular level
         2. DNA damage and repair processes
         3. Long-term effects of radiation exposure
      2. Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment
         1. Principles of radiotherapy
         2. Types of radiation therapies
            1. External beam radiation
            2. Brachytherapy
         3. Radiosensitivity and the role of biophysics in therapy planning
         4. Innovations in radiotherapy
            1. Proton beam therapy
            2. Stereotactic radiosurgery
            3. Radioimmunotherapy
   3. Drug Design and Delivery
      1. Biophysics in Pharmacokinetics
         1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) modeled by biophysical principles
         2. Role of molecular dynamics in drug-target interactions
         3. Predictive models for drug solubility and permeability
      2. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems
         1. Nanocarriers and nanoparticles in drug delivery
         2. Liposomes and micelles
         3. Biophysical approaches in designing drug delivery systems
            1. Biocompatibility and pharmacodynamics
            2. Controlled release mechanisms
            3. Specific targeting using ligands and antibodies
         4. Emerging technologies in drug delivery
            1. Smart drugs and stimuli-responsive systems
            2. Gene and cell-based therapies integrating biophysical approaches