Biophysics

1. Genetic and Genomic Biophysics
   1. DNA Manipulation and Sequencing
      1. Tools and Techniques
         1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
         2. Gel electrophoresis
         3. Restriction enzymes and ligases
         4. DNA microarrays
         5. Next-generation sequencing technologies
            1. Illumina sequencing
            2. Nanopore sequencing
            3. Single-molecule real-time sequencing
      2. Applications of DNA sequencing
         1. Genomic mapping
         2. Personalized medicine
         3. Phylogenetics and evolutionary studies
   2. Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics
      1. Epigenetic modifications
         1. DNA methylation
         2. Histone modification
            1. Acetylation
            2. Methylation
            3. Phosphorylation
      2. Chromatin structure and function
         1. Euchromatin versus heterochromatin
         2. Chromatin remodeling complexes
         3. Nucleosome positioning and dynamics
      3. Role in gene expression regulation
         1. Epigenetic influence on transcription initiation
         2. X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting
         3. Environmental impacts on epigenetic patterns
   3. Genetic Engineering Techniques
      1. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
         1. Mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9
            1. Guide RNA and Cas9 enzyme function
            2. Double-strand breaks and repair mechanisms
         2. Applications of CRISPR
            1. Gene knockout and functional studies
            2. Therapeutic genome editing
            3. Agricultural biotechnology
         3. Ethical considerations and societal impact
            1. Germline editing concerns
            2. Gene drives and biodiversity implications
      2. Synthetic Biology
         1. Design principles of synthetic biology
            1. DNA synthesis and assembly
            2. Modular and hierarchical engineering
         2. Applications in biotechnology
            1. Metabolic pathway engineering
            2. Bioproduction of pharmaceuticals and biofuels
            3. Environmental biosensing and remediation
         3. Challenges and future prospects
            1. Safety and ethical issues
            2. Standards and regulation in synthetic biology
            3. Integration with artificial intelligence in design