National Security Agency encryption devices
The KW-37, code named JASON, was an encryption system developed In the 1950s by the U.S. National Security Agency to protect fleet broadcasts of the U.S. Navy. Naval doctrine calls for warships at sea to maintain radio silence to the maximum extent possible to prevent ships from being located by potential adversaries using radio direction finding. To allow ships to receive messages and orders, the navy broadcast a continuous stream of information, originally in Morse code and later using radioteletype. Messages were included in this stream as needed and could be for individual ships, battle groups or the fleet as a whole. Each ship's radio room would monitor the broadcast and decode and forward those messages directed at her to the appropriate officer. The KW-37 was designed to automate this process. It consisted of two major components, the KWR-37 receive unit and the KWT-37 transmit unit. Each ship had a complement of KWR-37 receivers (usually at least two) that decrypted the fleet broadcast and fed the output to teleprinter machines. KWT-37's were typically located at shore facilities, where high power transmitters were located. The KWR-37 weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and contained some 500 subminiature vacuum tubes, whose leads were soldered to printed circuit boards. Each flip-flop in the KW-37 required three tubes, placing an upper bound on the total number of stages in any shift registers used at 166. Squeezing so much logic in such a small and rugged package was quite a feat in the 1950s. Each KWT-37 filled an entire relay rack with five stacked modules. A precision time reference occupied the bottom, three key generators (stream cyphers in civilian parlance) occupied the middle and an alarm panel occupied the top position. The outputs of the three key generators were combined in a voting circuit. If one of the units' output did not match the other two, an alarm was sounded and the output from the two units that did agree continued to be used. Each KWR-37 and each key generator in the KWT-37 had a common fill device (CFD) for loading keys (or as NSA calls them cryptovariables). The CFDs were similar to that first used in the KW-26, accepting punched cards in Remington Rand format. The key was changed every day at 0000 hours GMT. The receivers were synchronized to the transmitter at that time. If a receiver ever got out of sync, say due to a power failure, an operator had to set the current hour and minute on dials on the front panel. The KWR-37 would then "fast forward" through its key stream sequence until synchronization was re-established. Large numbers of fleet broadcast key cards had to be produced and distributed to every navy ship and many shore installations on a monthly basis, so many people had access to them. While the key cards were strictly accounted for, they were easy to copy. This proved to be a fatal weakness. KWR-37s fell into North Korean hands when the USS Pueblo was captured in 1968. New keying material was issued to ships throughout the world to limit the ongoing damage. In 1985 it was revealed that the Walker spy ring had been selling key lists and cards to the Soviet Union for decades. KW-37 systems were taken out of service by the early 1990s. The received input to the KW(R)-37 was in the form of a multiple broadcast (multicast) signal, consisting of many channels condensed into one tone pack which was deciphered at one stage by the KW(R)-37 and then the output was sent to several KG-14's which further deciphered the then split signals into each channel of the fleet broadcast. The KG-14 also received its timing signal from the KW(R)-37; if the 37 was out of sync, all the 14's were fall out of sync as well. Each KG-14 could process one channel of the tone pack; most fleet units had six KG-14's, larger units even more. (Wikipedia).
Physics 50 E&M Radiation (2 of 33) Frequency and Wavelength
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain electromagnetic radiation in terms of frequency and wavelength. Next video in series: http://youtu.be/t6EnTtkG4hA
From playlist PHYSICS 50 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Physics - E&M: Ch 41.1 Ohm's Law & Resistor Circuit Understood (30 of 42) What is a Kilowatt Hour?
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain what is a kilowatt hour. A “kilowatt hour” is a unit of energy. It is the unit of energy the electric company charges. Next video in this series can be seen at: https://youtu.be/EFo4I-6MEL8
From playlist PHYSICS 41.3 OHM'S LAW AND RESISTORS UNDERSTOOD
Physics - E&M: Ch 41.1 Ohm's Law (34 of 42) What is the Cost to Produce 1 kWh?
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will discuss how much it costs to make a kilowatt hour of electricity using non-renewable and renewable resources of coal, natural gas (CCGT), natural gas (OCGT), nuclear, onshore wind, geothermal, biomass
From playlist PHYSICS 41.3 OHM'S LAW AND RESISTORS UNDERSTOOD
Physics 39 Capacitors (1 of 37) The Spherical Capacitor
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will develop the general equation for capacitance of a spherical capacitor. Next video can be seen at: https://youtu.be/46EG-xniUh4
From playlist PHYSICS 39 CAPACITORS
Physics: Ch 24C -Heat Radiation: Test Your Knowledge (13 of 20) Find the Emission Ratio
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! http://www.ilectureonline.com/donate https://www.patreon.com/user?u=3236071 We will find: a) ratio=? due to the increase in temperature b) ratio=? of the radius at the same temperature. Next video in this series can be
From playlist PHYSICS 24C HEAT RADIATION: TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
IB Chemistry Acids and bases Topic 8.3 The pH scale
IB Chemistry Acids and bases Topic 8.3 The pH scale How to calculate pH. How to convert between pOH and pH. Understanding the pH scale. Full set of resources for topic 8: http://www.mrwengibchemistry.com 0:09 The pH scale 1:09 pH formula 1:37 Ionic product constant of water Kw 2:39 Kw an
From playlist Topic 8/18 Acids and bases
General Chemistry 1C. Lecture 05. Acids and Bases. Pt. 2.
UCI Chem 1C General Chemistry (Spring 2013) Lec 05. General Chemistry -- Acids and Bases -- Part 2 View the complete course: http://ocw.uci.edu/courses/chem_1c_general_chemistry.html Instructor: Ramesh D. Arasasingham, Ph.D. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Terms of Use: http://ocw.uci.
From playlist Chemistry 1C: General Chemistry
5 Giant Bulldozers and a Decepticon
From clearing land to moving massive amounts of earth, these machines are true engineering marvels. They'll make you want to dig up your backyard and build a fort, just like when you were a kid! Watch the video to find out which one of these great machines had a role in a Transformers mov
From playlist Giant Machines
This Solar Powered Boat Could be the Future of Transportation
How Solar Powered Boats Could be the Future of Transportation. Go to https://brilliant.org/Undecided to sign up for free. And also, the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. Costs for solar panel systems have been dropping at a blistering pace in the last few
From playlist The Future Of
Physics 50 E&M Radiation (4 of 33) Frequency of E&M Radiation and Temperature
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain the relationship of an object (and it's temperature) and the kinds of E&M radiation emitted from the object. Next video in series: http://youtu.be/SCMK0UJH1p4
From playlist PHYSICS 50 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Physics 50 E&M Radiation (6 of 33) Dipole Antenna and E&M Radiation
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will explain electromagnetic radiation and the dipole antenna (AM radio). Next video in series: http://youtu.be/dJEQBAYAjPQ
From playlist PHYSICS 50 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
AutoIonization of Water, Ion Product Constant - Kw, Calculating H3O+, OH-, and pH Using Ice Tables
This acids and bases chemistry video tutorial provides a basic introduction into the auto-ionization of water. It explains how to calculate the hydroxide ion [OH-] concentration given the hydronium ion [H3O+] concentration using the ion product constant of water - Kw. it explains how to
From playlist New AP & General Chemistry Video Playlist
Relationship between Ka and Kb | Chemistry | Khan Academy
The relationship between Ka and Kb, and pKa and pKb. Examples of finding Ka of a weak acid given Kb of the conjugate base. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/ka-and-acid-strength?utm_source=YT&utm_mediu
From playlist Acids and bases | Chemistry | Khan Academy
Tesla Supercharger Vs. the Competition - Getting Better?
Tesla Supercharger Vs. the Competition - Getting Better? Go to https://brilliant.org/Undecided you can sign up for free. And also, the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. When Kevin Song lent me his Porsche Taycan to review, one of the negatives he pointed
From playlist EV News and Analysis
Duality in Algebraic Geometry by Suresh Nayak
PROGRAM DUALITIES IN TOPOLOGY AND ALGEBRA (ONLINE) ORGANIZERS: Samik Basu (ISI Kolkata, India), Anita Naolekar (ISI Bangalore, India) and Rekha Santhanam (IIT Mumbai, India) DATE & TIME: 01 February 2021 to 13 February 2021 VENUE: Online Duality phenomena are ubiquitous in mathematics
From playlist Dualities in Topology and Algebra (Online)
E. Peyre - Slopes and distribution of points (part1)
The distribution of rational points of bounded height on algebraic varieties is far from uniform. Indeed the points tend to accumulate on thin subsets which are images of non-trivial finite morphisms. The problem is to find a way to characterise these thin subsets. The slopes introduced by
From playlist Ecole d'été 2017 - Géométrie d'Arakelov et applications diophantiennes
Physics - E&M: Ch 41.1 Ohm's Law & Resistor Circuit Understood (32 of 42) What is Cost of kW in U.S?
Visit http://ilectureonline.com for more math and science lectures! In this video I will discuss how much does a kilowatt hour of electricity cost in the U.S. in Louisiana, Oklahoma, Washington, California, Hawaii, and the U.S. average for residential, commercial, and industrial use. Nex
From playlist PHYSICS 41.3 OHM'S LAW AND RESISTORS UNDERSTOOD
This physics video provides a basic introduction into the kilowatt hour unit. It's a unit of energy and not power. Kw or kilowatt is the unit of power. Energy is power multiplied by time. The kilowatt (unit of power) multiplied by hours (unit of time) will you give you a unit of energy
From playlist New Physics Video Playlist
T4D #122 - SDM3055 FW Upgrade, YZXstudio Black USB Power Monitor...and a little more
Please support my content creation by using my Amazon Store: http://astore.amazon.com/m0711-20 Or anything on Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=212353&creative=380557&linkCode=sb1&tag=m0711-20 ------------------------------ Click "Show more" -------------------------------
From playlist Tip or Thought for the Day!