Organic Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry in Biological Systems
   1. Biochemistry Fundamentals
      1. Chemical Foundations of Life
         1. Elements Essential for Life
         2. Structure and Function of Biomolecules
      2. Water: The Solvent of Life
         1. Properties of Water
         2. Hydrogen Bonding
         3. pH and Buffers in Biology
      3. Biological Macromolecules
         1. Structure and Function
         2. Monomers and Polymers
         3. Role in Cellular Functions
   2. Enzyme Catalysis and Mechanisms
      1. Enzyme Structure and Function
         1. Protein Catalysts
         2. Enzyme Binding Sites
         3. Induced Fit vs. Lock and Key Model
      2. Enzyme Kinetics
         1. Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
         2. Rate Laws of Enzymatic Reactions
         3. Enzyme Inhibition
            1. Competitive, Non-competitive, Uncompetitive
      3. Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
         1. Transition State Theory
         2. Cofactors and Coenzymes
         3. Enzyme Stability and Activity
   3. Metabolism of Organic Molecules
      1. Metabolic Pathways
         1. Catabolism vs. Anabolism
         2. Energy Production (ATP Synthesis)
      2. Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
         1. Pathway Steps and Energetics
         2. Connection to Cellular Respiration
      3. Electron Transport Chain
         1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
         2. Proton Gradient and ATP Synthesis
      4. Metabolic Regulation
         1. Feedback Inhibition
         2. Hormonal Regulation
   4. Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information
      1. Structure and Properties of Nucleic Acids
         1. DNA vs. RNA
         2. Base Pairing and Helical Structure
      2. DNA Replication and Repair
         1. Enzymes Involved (e.g., DNA Polymerases)
         2. Mutation and Repair Mechanisms
      3. Transcription and Translation
         1. mRNA Synthesis
         2. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      4. Genetic Code and Protein Encoding
         1. Codons and Anticodons
         2. Role of tRNA and rRNA
   5. Peptides, Proteins, and Enzymes
      1. Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Proteins
         1. Structures and Properties
         2. Peptide Bond Formation
      2. Protein Structure
         1. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures
         2. Folding and Stability
      3. Functions of Proteins
         1. Catalytic (Enzymes)
         2. Transport (Hemoglobin)
         3. Structural (Collagen)
   6. Lipids and Carbohydrates
      1. Lipid Structures and Functions
         1. Fatty Acids and Triglycerides
         2. Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Cholesterol
         3. Lipid Metabolism
      2. Carbohydrates: Structure and Function
         1. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
         2. Glycosidic Linkages
         3. Role in Energy Storage and Recognition
      3. Integration of Metabolic Pathways
         1. Lipid-Carbohydrate Interactions
         2. Role in Homeostasis and Energy Balance