Organic Chemistry

  1. Stereochemistry
    1. Chirality and Enantiomers
      1. Definition of Chirality
        1. Chiral Centers and Stereocenters
          1. Asymmetric Carbon Atom
          2. Properties of Enantiomers
            1. Same Physical Properties
              1. Different Interaction with Chiral Environments
              2. Biological Relevance
                1. Enantiomeric Purity in Pharmaceuticals
                  1. Taste and Smell Differentiation
                  2. Racemic Mixtures
                    1. Racemization
                      1. Resolution Techniques
                    2. Diastereomers and Meso Compounds
                      1. Definition and Characteristics of Diastereomers
                        1. Physical and Chemical Properties
                          1. Non-superimposable Non-mirror Images
                          2. Meso Compounds
                            1. Presence of Chiral Centers but Achiral Overall
                              1. Internal Plane of Symmetry
                              2. Cis-Trans Isomerism
                                1. Example in Alkenes and Cycloalkanes
                                  1. Stability and Energy Considerations
                                2. Optical Activity
                                  1. Measurement of Optical Activity
                                    1. Polarimetry
                                      1. Specific and Molar Optical Rotation
                                      2. Factors Affecting Optical Activity
                                        1. Solvent, Temperature, and Wavelength
                                          1. Concentration and Purity
                                        2. R/S and E/Z Nomenclature
                                          1. R/S Nomenclature
                                            1. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority Rules
                                              1. R (Rectus) and S (Sinister) Designations
                                              2. E/Z Nomenclature
                                                1. Application to Alkenes
                                                  1. E (Entgegen) and Z (Zusammen) Designations
                                                  2. Importance in Chemical Naming and Communication
                                                  3. Conformational Analysis
                                                    1. Overview of Conformations
                                                      1. Rotational Isomers
                                                        1. Dynamic Nature of Molecules
                                                        2. Newman Projections
                                                          1. Representation of Conformers
                                                            1. Gauche, Anti, and Eclipsed Conformers
                                                              1. Energy Diagrams and Barriers to Rotation
                                                              2. Cyclohexane Conformations
                                                                1. Chair and Boat Conformations
                                                                  1. Axial and Equatorial Positions
                                                                    1. Ring Flipping and Stability Factors
                                                                    2. Application of Conformational Analysis
                                                                      1. Influence on Chemical Reactivity
                                                                        1. Effect on Biological Activity and Drug Design
                                                                    4. Functional Groups
                                                                    First Page
                                                                    6. Organic Reaction Mechanisms