Organic Chemistry

1. Functional Groups
   1. Overview of Functional Groups
      1. Definition and Importance in Organic Chemistry
      2. Impact on Chemical Properties and Reactivity
      3. Role in Classification of Organic Compounds
   2. Alcohols
      1. Structure and Nomenclature
         1. Classification: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
      2. Synthesis Methods
         1. Hydration of Alkenes
         2. Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds
      3. Reactions
         1. Dehydration to Form Alkenes
         2. Oxidation to Aldehydes and Ketones
         3. Formation of Ester through Esterification
      4. Physical Properties
         1. Hydrogen Bonding and Boiling Points
         2. Solubility in Water
   3. Ethers
      1. Structure and Naming Conventions
      2. Synthesis
         1. Williamson Ether Synthesis
         2. Dehydration of Alcohols
      3. Reactions
         1. Cleavage by Strong Acids
         2. Autoxidation
      4. Applications and Uses
         1. Solvents in Industry
         2. Medicinal Uses
   4. Epoxides
      1. Structure and Formation
         1. From Alkenes via Peracid
         2. Halohydrin Cyclization
      2. Reactions
         1. Ring Opening Reactions
         2. Acid-catalyzed Opening vs. Base-catalyzed Opening
      3. Importance in Polymer Chemistry
   5. Aldehydes
      1. Structure and Nomenclature
      2. Common Synthesis Methods
         1. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols
         2. Ozonolysis of Alkenes
      3. Reactions
         1. Nucleophilic Addition
         2. Formation of Hemiacetals and Acetals
         3. Oxidation to Carboxylic Acids
      4. Physical Properties
         1. Smell and Usage in Fragrance Industry
   6. Ketones
      1. Structure and Nomenclature
      2. Synthesis Routes
         1. Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
         2. Hydration of Alkynes
      3. Notable Reactions
         1. Formation of Hydrates, Hemiketals, and Ketals
         2. Reduction to Alcohols
      4. Industrial Applications
         1. Solvents and Intermediate in Chemical Manufacturing
   7. Carboxylic Acids
      1. Structure and Naming
      2. Synthesis Methods
         1. Oxidation of Aldehydes and Primary Alcohols
         2. Hydrolysis of Nitriles
      3. Properties and Acidity
         1. Factors Influencing Acidity
         2. Hydrogen Bonding and Physical Properties
      4. Reactions
         1. Formation of Acid Chlorides, Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides
         2. Decarboxylation
      5. Biological and Industrial Importance
         1. Role in Metabolic Processes
         2. Precursor to Many Important Derivatives
   8. Esters
      1. Structure and Formation
         1. Fischer Esterification
         2. Reaction with Acid Chlorides
      2. Hydration and Hydrolysis
         1. Acidic and Basic Conditions
         2. Sapponification
      3. Role in Flavor and Fragrance Industry
   9. Amides
      1. Structure and Amide Bond Characteristics
      2. Formation
         1. From Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
         2. Use of Amine Reactants
      3. Reactions and Stability
         1. Hydrolysis in Acidic and Basic Media
         2. Reduction to Amines
      4. Significance in Peptide and Protein Formation
   10. Acyl Chlorides
       1. Description and Naming
       2. Synthesis
          1. Reaction of Carboxylic Acids with Thionyl Chloride
       3. Reactivity and Transformations
          1. Formation of Esters, Amides, and Anhydrides
          2. Hydrolysis to Regenerate Acids
   11. Anhydrides
       1. Structure and Uses
       2. Formation
          1. From Carboxylic Acids or Acyl Chlorides
       3. Reactions
          1. Opening Reactions with Alcohols, Amines, and Water
   12. Amines
       1. Classification and Naming
          1. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
       2. Preparation Techniques
          1. Reduction of Nitriles and Amides
          2. Alkylation of Ammonia
       3. Properties
          1. Basicity and Comparison with Amides
          2. Solubility and Boiling Points
       4. Reactions
          1. Acylation and Alkylation
          2. Formation of Azo Compounds
       5. Biological Importance and Pharmaceutical Relevance
   13. Nitriles
       1. Structure and Formation
          1. From Alkyl Halides or Aldehydes
       2. Reactions
          1. Hydrolysis to Carboxylic Acids
          2. Reduction to Amines
       3. Importance in Organic Synthesis
   14. Imines and Other Nitrogen Compounds
       1. Structure and Formation of Imines
          1. From Primary Amines and Carbonyls
       2. Reactions
          1. Reductive Amination
          2. Hydrolysis of Imines to Carbonyls
   15. Sulfur-Containing Compounds
       1. Thiols
          1. Structure, Properties, and Odor
          2. Synthesis and Reactions (Oxidation to Disulfides)
       2. Sulfides
          1. Formation from Thiols
          2. Reactions and Importance in Industry
       3. Sulfoxides and Sulfones
          1. Oxidation Reactions of Sulfides
          2. Role in DMSO and Related Solvents