Object-Oriented Programming

1. Advanced Concepts in Object-Oriented Programming
   1. Reflection
      1. Definition and overview
      2. Uses of reflection
         1. Inspecting classes, interfaces, fields, and methods at runtime
         2. Modifying behavior of methods at runtime
      3. Pros and cons
         1. Flexible code design
         2. Performance overhead and security implications
      4. Typical implementations across languages
         1. Java Reflection API
         2. .NET Reflection
         3. Python reflection capabilities
   2. Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)
      1. Definition and purpose
         1. Mapping between object-oriented languages and relational databases
      2. Common frameworks and tools
         1. Hibernate for Java
         2. Entity Framework for C#
         3. SQLAlchemy for Python
      3. Benefits
         1. Simplified database interactions
         2. Reduced boilerplate codes
      4. Challenges
         1. Performance considerations
         2. Complexity in handling complex queries
      5. Patterns within ORM (e.g., Active Record, Data Mapper)
   3. Dynamic Dispatch
      1. Concept and definition
      2. Importance in polymorphism
         1. Allowing method execution to be determined at runtime
      3. Difference between static and dynamic dispatch
      4. Language implementations
         1. Virtual method tables in C++ and Java
      5. Advantages and potential pitfalls
   4. Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)
      1. Definition and explanation
         1. Separation of cross-cutting concerns from main business logic
      2. Core concepts
         1. Aspects
         2. Join points
         3. Advice
         4. Point cuts
      3. Benefits of using AOP
         1. Improved code modularity
         2. Separation of concerns
      4. Typical implementations
         1. AspectJ for Java
         2. Spring AOP
      5. Common use cases
         1. Logging
         2. Transaction management
         3. Security
   5. Metaprogramming
      1. Definition and overview
         1. Writing programs that can manipulate other programs
      2. Techniques
         1. Code generation
         2. Macros
      3. Benefits
         1. Code reuse and abstraction
         2. Dynamic code adaptation
      4. Potential issues
         1. Complexity and debugging difficulty
         2. Performance trade-offs
      5. Applications in various languages
         1. Ruby metaprogramming
         2. Python's metaclasses
   6. Design by Contract
      1. Concept and principles
         1. Specifying the rights and obligations of software elements
      2. Contract components
         1. Preconditions
         2. Postconditions
         3. Invariants
      3. Benefits
         1. Increased reliability
         2. Clearer interface boundaries
      4. Implementation challenges
         1. Complexity in specification
         2. Overhead in verification
      5. Practical examples
         1. Eiffel language implementation
         2. Use of assertions in Java and C#