Object-Oriented Programming

1. Object-Oriented Programming Languages
   1. Java
      1. OOP Features in Java
         1. Objects and Classes
         2. Inheritance and Polymorphism
         3. Abstraction and Encapsulation
      2. JVM and Bytecode
         1. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) structure
         2. Role of bytecode in cross-platform capabilities
         3. JIT Compiler and performance optimization
      3. Interfaces and Abstract Classes
         1. Differences between interfaces and abstract classes
         2. Use cases in software architecture
         3. Multiple inheritance via interfaces
      4. Exception Handling
         1. Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions
         2. Try-catch-finally blocks
         3. Custom Exception creation
      5. Java Collections Framework
         1. Lists, Sets, Maps, Queues
         2. Generic Collections
         3. Iterators and Lambda Expressions
      6. Concurrency and Multithreading
         1. Thread creation and management
         2. Synchronization mechanisms
         3. Concurrent package utilities
   2. C++
      1. OOP Features in C++
         1. Classes and Objects
         2. Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Encapsulation
         3. Access Specifiers: public, private, protected
      2. Constructors and Destructors
         1. Constructor overloading
         2. Copy constructors
         3. Destructor usage and memory management
      3. Templates
         1. Function templates and class templates
         2. Template specialization
         3. SFINAE (Substitution Failure Is Not An Error)
      4. Standard Template Library (STL)
         1. Algorithms, Iterators, Containers
         2. Use of STL in efficiently managing data
      5. Pointers and Dynamic Memory Management
         1. Smart pointers: unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr
         2. Memory leaks and memory allocation
      6. Operator Overloading
         1. Overloading common operators
         2. Custom behavior definition
   3. Python
      1. OOP Features in Python
         1. Dynamic and duck typing
         2. Class definition and instantiation
         3. Inheritance and multiple inheritance
      2. Modules and Packages
         1. Importing modules and managing dependencies
         2. Python Package Index (PyPI) and third-party modules
         3. __init__.py for package initialization
      3. Magic Methods and Operator Overloading
         1. __str__, __repr__, __add__, __eq__, etc.
         2. Customizing object behavior
         3. Context Managers and the with statement
      4. Python's Data Models
         1. Mutable vs immutable objects
         2. Property decorators: @property, @setter
         3. Metaclasses and their use cases
      5. Interpreted Nature and Performance
         1. CPython, PyPy, Jython, IronPython
         2. Bytecode and the GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)
   4. Ruby
      1. OOP Features in Ruby
         1. Pure object-oriented nature
         2. Class and Module creation
         3. Mixins instead of multiple inheritance
      2. Modules and Mixins
         1. Reusable code with modules
         2. Inclusion mechanism: include, extend
         3. Namespaces management and organization
      3. Dynamic Typing and Duck Typing
         1. Flexibility in method handling
         2. Impact on error-checking and debugging
      4. Blocks, Procs, and Lambdas
         1. Code as data
         2. Closures creation and usage
      5. Built-in Ruby Tools for OOP
         1. Rake and bundler for environment setup
         2. Minitest and RSpec for testing
   5. C#
      1. OOP Features in C#
         1. Everything is an object
         2. Properties, events, and delegates
         3. Value types vs reference types
      2. .NET Framework and CLR
         1. Common Language Runtime (CLR) role
         2. Cross-language interoperability
         3. Compilation process and performance enhancements
      3. Properties and Events
         1. Automatic properties
         2. Custom event accessors
         3. Event-driven programming model
      4. LINQ and Entity Framework
         1. Language Integrated Query (LINQ) for data manipulation
         2. ORM capabilities with Entity Framework
      5. Asynchronous Programming
         1. Async and await keywords
         2. Task-based Asynchronous Pattern (TAP)
         3. Cancellation and timeout handling