Nuclear Physics

1. Nuclear Applications
   1. Energy Production
      1. Nuclear Reactors
         1. Fission Reactors
            1. Types of Fission Reactors
               1. Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR)
               2. Boiling Water Reactors (BWR)
               3. Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGR)
               4. Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR)
            2. Principles of Operation
               1. Chain Reaction Control
               2. Heat Exchange Systems
            3. Safety Systems
               1. Emergency Cooling Systems
               2. Containment Structures
         2. Breeder Reactors
            1. Working Principles
            2. Benefits and Challenges
            3. Fuel Cycle Sustainability
         3. Fusion Reactors
            1. Magnetic Confinement
               1. Tokamak Design
               2. Stellarator Design
            2. Inertial Confinement
               1. Laser Fusion
               2. Pellet Compression
            3. Challenges and Progress
               1. Plasma Instability
               2. Material Science Issues
      2. Nuclear Fuel Cycle
         1. Uranium Enrichment
            1. Techniques
               1. Gaseous Diffusion
               2. Gas Centrifuges
            2. Applications and Impact
         2. Plutonium Reprocessing
            1. Fuel Reprocessing Methods
               1. PUREX Process
            2. Waste Management and Storage
            3. Proliferation Risk
         3. Waste Disposal and Management
            1. Short-term Storage Solutions
            2. Long-term Geological Storage
            3. Waste Minimization Technologies
   2. Medical Applications
      1. Radiation Therapy
         1. Types of Radiation Therapy
            1. External Beam Radiation
            2. Brachytherapy
         2. Treatment Planning and Delivery
         3. Technological Advances
            1. Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
            2. Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
      2. Diagnostic Imaging
         1. PET Scans
            1. Principles of PET Imaging
            2. System Components
            3. Clinical Applications
         2. SPECT
            1. Basic Principles and Mechanisms
            2. Advantages and Limitations
            3. Use in Diagnosing Disorders
         3. Radiopharmaceuticals
            1. Development and Usage
            2. Targeted Imaging Techniques
   3. Industrial Applications
      1. Non-destructive Testing
         1. Techniques and Tools
            1. Radiographic Testing
            2. Ultrasonic Testing
         2. Applications Across Industries
         3. Safety and Quality Assurance
      2. Nuclear Batteries
         1. Types of Nuclear Batteries
            1. Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs)
            2. Betavoltaics
         2. Applications in Remote or Harsh Environments
         3. Technological Challenges and Innovations
      3. Material Irradiation
         1. Uses in Material Engineering
         2. Experimentation Processes
         3. Impact on Material Properties
   4. Agricultural Applications
      1. Food Irradiation
         1. Microbial Control
         2. Spoilage Reduction
      2. Pesticide Development
         1. Tracing and Uptake Studies
         2. Residue Analysis
   5. Environmental Applications
      1. Radioactive Tracers
         1. Studies on Water Flow
         2. Soil Erosion Tracking
      2. Pollution Control
         1. Air Cleaner Technologies
         2. Waste Water Treatment Improvements