Neurobiology

1. Neural Networks and Circuits
   1. Basic Neural Circuitry
      1. Definition and Components
         1. Neurons as Functional Units
         2. Synapses and Synaptic Connectivity
         3. Circuit Mapping Techniques
      2. Types of Neural Circuits
         1. Local Circuits
         2. Long-Range Circuits
         3. Feedback and Feedforward Circuits
      3. Functional Significance
         1. Information Processing
         2. Signal Integration
         3. Modulation and Control
   2. Sensory Processing and Perception
      1. Sensory Modalities and Pathways
         1. Visual Processing
         2. Auditory Processing
         3. Somatosensory Processing
         4. Olfactory and Gustatory Processing
      2. Neural Encoding of Sensory Information
         1. Receptive Fields
         2. Population Coding
         3. Temporal Coding
      3. Integration and Interpretation
         1. Multisensory Integration
         2. Perceptual Binding
         3. Attention and Salience Mechanisms
   3. Motor Control and Coordination
      1. Motor Neuron Pathways
         1. Upper and Lower Motor Neurons
         2. Corticospinal Tract
         3. Extrapyramidal Tracts
      2. Motor Pattern Generators
         1. Central Pattern Generators (CPGs)
         2. Rhythm and Timing in Movement
      3. Coordination and Feedback
         1. Role of the Cerebellum
         2. Basal Ganglia Circuits
         3. Proprioceptive Feedback
   4. Cortical Networks
      1. Functional Organization
         1. Somatotopic Maps
         2. Functional Columns
         3. Cortical Layers
      2. Network Dynamics
         1. Synchronization and Oscillations
         2. Connectivity Patterns
         3. Network Plasticity
      3. Role in Cognitive Functions
         1. Language Processing
         2. Executive Control
         3. Spatial Navigation
   5. Plasticity and Learning
      1. Synaptic Plasticity
         1. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
         2. Long-Term Depression (LTD)
         3. Hebbian Learning
      2. Structural Plasticity
         1. Dendritic Spine Dynamics
         2. Adult Neurogenesis
      3. Learning Mechanisms
         1. Associative Learning
         2. Reinforcement Learning
         3. Role of Neuromodulators (e.g., Dopamine, Serotonin)
      4. Memory Encoding and Retrieval
         1. Engram Cells and Neural Representation
         2. Network Modifications during Learning