Neurobiology

1. Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology
   1. Ion Channels and Receptors
      1. Structure and Function
         1. Voltage-gated Ion Channels
            1. Sodium Channels
            2. Potassium Channels
            3. Calcium Channels
         2. Ligand-gated Ion Channels
            1. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
            2. GABA Receptor
            3. Glutamate Receptors (NMDA, AMPA, Kainate)
      2. Receptor Dynamics
         1. Agonist and Antagonist Interaction
         2. Receptor Desensitization and Downregulation
         3. Signal Amplification
      3. Channelopathies
         1. Genetic Mutations Affecting Ion Channels
         2. Diseases and Disorders
   2. Neurotransmitters
      1. Synthesis and Release
         1. Biosynthetic Pathways
         2. Vesicular Transport
         3. Exocytosis and Endocytosis
      2. Major Neurotransmitter Systems
         1. Acetylcholine
            1. Cholinergic Pathways
            2. Role in Memory and Learning
         2. Monoamines
            1. Dopamine
               1. Dopaminergic Circuits
               2. Role in Reward and Motivation
            2. Serotonin
               1. Serotonergic System
               2. Influence on Mood and Sleep
         3. Amino Acids
            1. Glutamate
               1. Excitatory Transmission
               2. Synaptic Plasticity and Memory
            2. GABA
               1. Inhibitory Transmission
               2. Regulation of Neural Excitability
         4. Neuropeptides
            1. Diversity and Function
            2. Role in Pain and Stress
   3. Signal Transduction Pathways
      1. Intracellular Signaling Cascades
         1. Second Messengers (cAMP, IP3, DAG)
         2. Protein Kinase Activity
         3. Phosphatases and Dephosphorylation
      2. Gene Expression Regulation
         1. Immediate Early Genes
         2. Long-term Potentiation and Depression
      3. Cross-talk Between Pathways
         1. Integration of Multiple Signals
         2. Modulatory Effects
   4. Genetic Regulation in Neurobiology
      1. Gene Expression and Neural Specificity
         1. Transcription Factors
         2. Epigenetic Modifications
            1. DNA Methylation
            2. Histone Modification
      2. Genetic Pathways in Development
         1. Patterning of the Nervous System
         2. Neural Differentiation and Specialization
      3. Neurogenetic Disorders
         1. Genetic Contributions to Diseases
         2. Familial and Sporadic Patterns
   5. Cellular Metabolism and Energetics
      1. Neuronal Energy Demand
         1. ATP Production and Use
         2. Role of Mitochondria
      2. Metabolic Pathways
         1. Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
         2. Lactate Shuttle Hypothesis
      3. Impact of Metabolism on Function
         1. Synaptic Function and Plasticity
         2. Neurometabolic Coupling
      4. Metabolic Disorders
         1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
         2. Energy Deficiency Syndromes