Nanochemistry

1. Functionalization and Modification
   1. Surface Functionalization
      1. Purpose and Importance
         1. Enhancing material properties
         2. Increasing compatibility with different environments or matrices
         3. Tailoring surface characteristics for specific applications
      2. Methods of Surface Functionalization
         1. Physical Adsorption
            1. Overview and mechanism
            2. Advantages and limitations
         2. Chemical Bonding
            1. Covalent bonding techniques
            2. Non-covalent interactions
         3. Plasma Treatment
            1. Process description
            2. Effects on surface energy and chemistry
         4. Grafting Techniques
            1. "Grafting onto" vs. "Grafting from"
            2. Polymer grafting
         5. Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
            1. Formation process
            2. Applications in sensor technology and corrosion protection
      3. Characterization of Functionalized Surfaces
         1. Surface Analysis Techniques
            1. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
            2. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
         2. Contact Angle Measurement
            1. Evaluating hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity changes
   2. Chemical Modifications
      1. Surface Chemistry Alteration
         1. Introduction of functional groups
         2. Redox reactions for modifying surface properties
      2. Functional Group Specific Modifications
         1. Amino functionalization
            1. Processes and applications
         2. Carboxylation
            1. Methods and material implications
         3. Thiolation
            1. Sulfur-based surface modifications
      3. Solvent-based Modification Techniques
         1. Solvent exchange processes
         2. Stabilizing nanoparticles in different solvents
      4. Implications of Chemical Modifications
         1. Impact on mechanical properties
         2. Influence on nanoparticle stability
   3. Coating Techniques
      1. Types of Coatings
         1. Organic Coatings
            1. Polymer and resin coatings
            2. Biocompatible coatings
         2. Inorganic Coatings
            1. Metal and metal oxide coatings
            2. Ceramic coatings
      2. Coating Application Methods
         1. Dip Coating
            1. Process and uniformity considerations
         2. Spin Coating
            1. Description and applications
         3. Spray Coating
            1. An overview of spray coating systems
         4. Layer-by-Layer Assembly
            1. Nanostructural control
            2. Multilayer film assembly
      3. Characterization and Evaluation of Coatings
         1. Thickness Measurement Techniques
            1. Ellipsometry
            2. Profilometry
         2. Adhesion Testing
            1. Scratch test method
            2. Peel test methods
      4. Applications of Coated Nanomaterials
         1. Protective coatings for corrosion resistance
         2. Barrier coatings in packaging technology
   4. Functionalization for Targeted Applications
      1. Biomedical Applications
         1. Targeted drug delivery
         2. Cell-specific targeting
      2. Catalysis and Reaction Enhancement
         1. Increasing catalytic efficiency
         2. Designing multifunctional catalysts
      3. Optoelectronic Applications
         1. Tailoring optical properties
         2. Enhancing photostability of nanomaterials
      4. Environmental Remediation
         1. Surface modifications for pollutant adsorption
         2. Designing materials for selective contaminant removal
   5. Challenges and Future Directions
      1. Stability and Durability of Functionalized Materials
      2. Scale-up and Industrial Application Barriers
      3. Innovations in Functionalization Techniques
      4. Interdisciplinary Approaches for Functionalization Innovation