Nanochemistry

1. Synthesis of Nanomaterials
   1. Top-Down Approaches
      1. Lithography Techniques
         1. Photolithography
            1. Process Steps
            2. Resolution Limits
         2. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL)
            1. Advantages over Photolithography
            2. Application Areas
         3. Soft Lithography
            1. Microcontact Printing
            2. Uses in Fabricating Microstructures
         4. Nanoimprint Lithography
            1. Methods of Imprinting
            2. Replication Capabilities
      2. Milling Processes
         1. Ball Milling
            1. Mechanisms and Efficiency
            2. Scalability Considerations
         2. Attrition Milling
            1. Comparison with Ball Milling
            2. Applications in Material Reduction
      3. Etching Methods
         1. Chemical Etching
            1. Types of Etchants
            2. Control of Etching Depth
         2. Reactive Ion Etching (RIE)
            1. Process Dynamics
            2. Material Selectivity
         3. Wet Etching
            1. Solutions and Conditions
            2. Advantages and Constraints
   2. Bottom-Up Approaches
      1. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
         1. Atmospheric Pressure CVD
            1. Advantages and Limitations
         2. Low Pressure CVD
            1. Suitable Materials
         3. Plasma Enhanced CVD
            1. Effects of Plasma on Growth
      2. Sol-Gel Process
         1. Sol Formation
            1. Factors Affecting Sol Stability
         2. Gelation and Aging
            1. Control of Pore Structure
         3. Drying and Heat Treatment
            1. Conversion to Aerogels or Xerogels
      3. Self-Assembly
         1. Nucleation and Growth
            1. Thermodynamics of Self-Assembly
         2. Pattern Formation
            1. Directed Self-Assembly Techniques
         3. Applications in Organic Nanostructures
      4. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
         1. Vacuum Requirements
            1. Role of Ultra-High Vacuum
         2. Elemental Beam Sources
            1. Precision in Layer Growth
         3. Applications in Semiconductor Devices
      5. Colloidal Synthesis
         1. Nucleation Processes
            1. Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous
         2. Growth Techniques
            1. Ostwald Ripening Mechanisms
         3. Stabilization of Colloids
            1. Role of Surfactants
   3. Green Synthesis Methods
      1. Plant-mediated Synthesis
         1. Phytochemical Roles
            1. Reducing and Capping Agents
         2. Advantages over Conventional Methods
            1. Environmental and Economic Benefits
      2. Microbial Synthesis
         1. Bacteria-Mediated Processes
            1. Specific Strains and Efficiency
         2. Fungi and Yeast in Nanoparticle Formation
            1. Mechanisms and Applications
         3. Algae-Based Synthesis
            1. Role in Biotechnological Applications
      3. Biomolecule-Assisted Synthesis
         1. Usage of Proteins and Enzymes
            1. Binding and Shape Control
         2. DNA-Templated Synthesis
            1. Precision in Size and Distribution