Microeconomics

1. Factor Markets
   1. Capital Markets
      1. Interest Rates and Investment
         1. Determinants of Interest Rates
         2. Relationship between Interest Rates and Investment Decisions
         3. Risk and Time Preferences in Investment
      2. Present Value and Future Value
         1. Concept of Present Value
            1. Discounting Future Cash Flows
            2. Present Value Calculations
            3. Applications in Investment Decisions
         2. Future Value Concepts
            1. Compounding Interest
            2. Future Value Calculations
            3. Applications in Financial Planning
      3. Financial Instruments
         1. Types of Financial Instruments
            1. Stocks
            2. Bonds
            3. Derivatives
         2. Pricing of Financial Instruments
         3. Market Functions and Efficiency
      4. Role of Banks and Financial Institutions
         1. Banking Systems and Types
         2. Regulatory Environment
         3. Impact on Economic Stability and Growth
      5. Global Capital Markets
         1. International Investment Flows
         2. Exchange Rates and Currency Markets
         3. Impact of Globalization on Capital Markets
   2. Labor Markets
      1. Human Capital Theory
         1. Education and Skill Development
         2. Return on Investment in Human Capital
         3. Impact on Productivity and Wages
      2. Discrimination and Wage Differentials
         1. Theories of Labor Market Discrimination
         2. Measuring Wage Gaps
         3. Policies to Reduce Discrimination
      3. Supply of Labor
         1. Determinants of Labor Supply
         2. Labor-Leisure Tradeoff
         3. Impact of Government Policies on Labor Supply
      4. Demand for Labor
         1. Derived Demand Concept
         2. Factors Affecting Labor Demand
         3. Impact of Technological Change on Labor Markets
      5. Wage Determination
         1. Role of Unions and Collective Bargaining
         2. Minimum Wage Laws
         3. Wage Structures and Incentive Systems
      6. Labor Market Equilibrium
         1. Effects of Supply and Demand Shifts
         2. Equilibrium Wage Rate and Employment Levels
         3. Disequilibrium and Unemployment
      7. Informal Labor Markets
         1. Characteristics and Size
         2. Pros and Cons of Informal Employment
         3. Policy Implications and Regulation
   3. Land and Natural Resources
      1. Rent Theory
         1. Concept of Economic Rent
         2. Determination of Rent
         3. Rent-Seeking Behavior
      2. Renewable vs Non-Renewable Resources
         1. Differences between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
         2. Management and Sustainability of Natural Resources
         3. Impact of Resource Depletion and Conservation
      3. Ownership and Property Rights
         1. Land Tenure Systems
         2. Impact of Property Rights on Efficiency
         3. Regulation and Land Use Policies
      4. Environmental Considerations
         1. Externalities in Resource Extraction and Use
         2. Environmental Regulation and Resource Pricing
         3. Sustainable Development Goals and Resource Management
      5. Global Resource Markets
         1. Trade in Natural Resources
         2. Impact of Resource Control on Global Politics
         3. Challenges and Opportunities in Resource-Rich Economies