Microeconomics

1. Market Structures
   1. Perfect Competition
      1. Characteristics
         1. Large number of small firms
         2. Homogeneous products
         3. Free entry and exit from the market
         4. Perfect information
      2. Price and Output Determination
         1. Price taker behavior
         2. Short-run equilibrium
         3. Long-run equilibrium
         4. Allocative and productive efficiency
      3. Criticisms and Limitations
         1. Unrealistic assumptions
         2. Lack of real-world examples
   2. Monopoly
      1. Characteristics and Sources of Monopoly Power
         1. Single seller dominance
         2. No close substitutes
         3. Barriers to entry
            1. Legal barriers (patents, licenses)
            2. Economies of scale
            3. Ownership of resources
      2. Price and Output Determination
         1. Profit maximization
         2. Marginal revenue and marginal cost analysis
         3. Deadweight loss and resource misallocation
      3. Price Discrimination
         1. First-degree price discrimination
         2. Second-degree price discrimination
         3. Third-degree price discrimination
         4. Advantages and disadvantages
      4. Regulation and Anti-Monopoly Policies
         1. Natural monopolies and government intervention
         2. Antitrust laws and enforcement
   3. Monopolistic Competition
      1. Characteristics
         1. Many firms
         2. Product differentiation
         3. Some control over price
         4. Few barriers to entry and exit
      2. Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium
         1. Price and output decisions
         2. Inefficiencies in resource allocation
         3. Role of advertising and branding
      3. Non-Price Competition
         1. Product quality and features
         2. Branding and packaging
         3. Customer service and distribution
   4. Oligopoly
      1. Characteristics
         1. Few large firms
         2. Interdependence among firms
         3. Barriers to entry
      2. Duopoly Models
         1. Cournot Model
         2. Bertrand Model
         3. Stackelberg Model
      3. Collusive vs Non-Collusive Models
         1. Cartels and price leadership
         2. Tacit collusion
         3. Kinked demand curve theory
      4. Game Theory Applications
         1. Nash equilibrium in oligopoly
         2. Strategic behavior and payoff matrices
         3. Prisoner's dilemma and cooperative outcomes
      5. Market Outcomes and Performance
         1. Price rigidity and market stability
         2. Innovation and market dominance
         3. Policy implications and regulation
   5. Comparing Market Structures
      1. Efficiency and welfare implications
         1. Allocative efficiency
         2. Productive efficiency
         3. Impact on consumer and producer surplus
      2. Market power and pricing strategies
      3. Real-world examples and applications
         1. Case studies from various industries
         2. Influence on consumer choices
         3. Government roles and policy decisions