Microbiology

1. Applied Microbiology
   1. Medical Applications
      1. Vaccines and Therapeutics
         1. Vaccine development processes
            1. Traditional vs. modern vaccine technologies
            2. Use of adjuvants
         2. Antibiotics development and challenges
            1. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
            2. New antibiotics discovery and development
         3. Antiviral and antifungal drugs
            1. Mechanism of action
            2. Resistance management
      2. Diagnostic Microbiology
         1. Traditional diagnostic methods
            1. Culture techniques
            2. Biochemical tests
         2. Molecular diagnostic techniques
            1. PCR and its variations
            2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
         3. Rapid diagnostic tests
            1. Point-of-care testing
            2. Biosensor technology
   2. Industrial Applications
      1. Fermentation Technology
         1. Microorganisms used in fermentation
            1. Yeast, bacteria, fungi
         2. Industrial fermenters and bioreactors
         3. Metabolic engineering for enhanced production
      2. Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing
         1. Production of bio-based chemicals
            1. Alcohol, organic acids, enzymes
         2. Scale-up processes and challenges
         3. Quality control in biomanufacturing
      3. Production of Biopolymers and Biomaterials
         1. Biodegradable plastics
         2. Biocompatible materials for medical use
   3. Environmental Applications
      1. Bioremediation
         1. Microorganisms in soil and water decontamination
         2. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation techniques
         3. Case studies of successful bioremediation projects
      2. Wastewater Treatment
         1. Biological treatment processes
            1. Aerobic and anaerobic digestion
         2. Role of microbes in nutrient removal
         3. Development of sustainable and advanced treatment technologies
      3. Microbial Fuel Cells
         1. Principles and operation
         2. Applications in energy production
   4. Food Microbiology
      1. Food Safety and Preservation
         1. Microbial hazards in food
         2. HACCP and other food safety management systems
         3. Use of natural preservatives and antimicrobials
      2. Fermented Foods
         1. Traditional fermented foods
            1. Dairy, vegetables, cereals, beverages
         2. Role of starter cultures
         3. Health benefits and probiotic functions
      3. Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
         1. Rapid detection methods
         2. Genomic and proteomic tools for pathogen identification
         3. Trends in food pathogen monitoring and control
   5. Biotechnology and Bioengineering
      1. Genetic Modification and Synthetic Biology
         1. Genetic modification of microorganisms
         2. Synthetic biology applications in microbial engineering
      2. Biomining and Bioleaching
         1. Role of microbes in metal recovery
         2. Advantages over traditional mining methods