Immunology

1. Immunological Disorders and Diseases
   1. Hypersensitivity Disorders
      1. Classification of Hypersensitivity
         1. Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity
            1. Allergic Rhinitis
            2. Asthma
            3. Anaphylaxis
         2. Type II: Cytotoxic Reactions
            1. Hemolytic Anemia
            2. Goodpasture's Syndrome
         3. Type III: Immune Complex-Mediated
            1. Serum Sickness
            2. Arthus Reaction
         4. Type IV: Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
            1. Contact Dermatitis
            2. Tuberculin Reaction
      2. Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity
         1. Skin Prick Tests
         2. Serum IgE Measurement
      3. Management Strategies
         1. Avoidance of Allergens
         2. Pharmacotherapy
         3. Immunotherapy
   2. Chronic Inflammatory Disorders
      1. Pathophysiology of Chronic Inflammation
         1. Role of Cytokines
         2. Cellular Infiltration
      2. Common Disorders
         1. Crohn's Disease
         2. Ulcerative Colitis
         3. Psoriasis
      3. Diagnostic Techniques
         1. Imaging Studies
         2. Endoscopy
         3. Biomarker Analysis
      4. Treatment Approaches
         1. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
         2. Biological Agents
         3. Lifestyle Modifications
   3. Hematologic Disorders
      1. Overview and Classification
         1. Congenital vs. Acquired Disorders
      2. Common Immune-mediated Hematologic Disorders
         1. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
         2. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
         3. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
      3. Diagnostic Criteria
         1. Blood Counts and Smear
         2. Bone Marrow Examination
         3. Serological Tests
      4. Therapy Options
         1. Corticosteroids
         2. Immunoglobulin Therapy
         3. Splenectomy
   4. Immunogenetics
      1. Genetic Basis of Immunological Disorders
         1. Polymorphisms and Susceptibility Genes
         2. Hereditary Patterns
      2. Genetic Testing in Immunology
         1. Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS)
         2. Next-generation Sequencing (NGS)
      3. Implications for Disease Prediction and Treatment
         1. Personalized Medicine Approaches
         2. Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling
   5. Diagnostic Advances in Immunological Disorders
      1. Immunological Biomarkers
         1. Inflammatory Markers
         2. Autoantibodies
      2. Innovative Diagnostic Techniques
         1. Flow Cytometry
         2. Molecular Diagnostics
   6. Therapeutic Developments in Immunological Diseases
      1. Novel Drug Therapies
         1. Monoclonal Antibodies
         2. Small Molecule Inhibitors
      2. Role of Immunotherapy
         1. Desensitization Treatments
         2. Cellular Therapies
      3. Gene Therapy Approaches
         1. Ex-vivo and In-vivo Methods
         2. CRISPR-Cas9 Applications
   7. Current Challenges and Research Directions
      1. Understanding Disease Pathogenesis
         1. Mechanistic Studies
         2. Animal Models
      2. Overcoming Treatment Resistance
         1. Multi-drug Approaches
         2. Adapting Treatment Regimens
      3. Bridging the Gap Between Research and Clinical Practice
         1. Translational Research Initiatives
         2. Patient-Centric Study Designs