Immunology

1. Transplantation Immunology
   1. Introduction to Transplantation Immunology
      1. Definition and Importance
      2. Historical Perspectives
      3. Milestones in Transplantation
   2. Types of Transplants
      1. Autografts
         1. Self-tissue transplantation
         2. Common clinical uses
      2. Allografts
         1. Transplants between genetically different individuals of the same species
         2. Common organ allografts: Kidney, Liver, Heart, Lung
      3. Xenografts
         1. Transplants between different species
         2. Challenges and research areas
      4. Syngeneic Grafts
         1. Identical genetic background, typically in identical twins
   3. Immunological Basis of Graft Rejection
      1. The Role of the Immune System
         1. Cellular mechanisms
         2. Humoral mechanisms
      2. Types of Rejection
         1. Hyperacute Rejection
            1. Immediate response
            2. Role of pre-existing antibodies
         2. Acute Rejection
            1. Cell-mediated immune response
            2. Types: Cellular and Humoral
         3. Chronic Rejection
            1. Long-term process
            2. Role of immune and non-immune factors
   4. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms
      1. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation
         1. Direct recognition
         2. Indirect recognition
      2. Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
         1. MHC compatibility
         2. Impact on graft survival
      3. Effector Mechanisms in Graft Rejection
         1. T Cell Activation and proliferation
         2. Cytokine involvement
         3. B cell-mediated antibody production
   5. Immunosuppression in Transplantation
      1. Purpose and Principles
      2. Types of Immunosuppressive Agents
         1. Calcineurin Inhibitors
         2. mTOR Inhibitors
         3. Antimetabolites
         4. Corticosteroids
         5. Biologics and Monoclonal Antibodies
      3. Tailoring Immunosuppressive Therapy
         1. Individualized treatment plans
         2. Monitoring and adjusting therapy
   6. Complications of Immunosuppressive Therapy
      1. Increased Infection Risk
      2. Malignancy Development
      3. Drug Toxicities and Side Effects
   7. Tolerance Induction in Transplantation
      1. Definition and Goals
      2. Approaches to Inducing Tolerance
         1. Chimerism and mixed hematopoietic chimerism
         2. Regulatory T cells
         3. Immunomodulatory agents
   8. Organ-specific Transplantation Challenges
      1. Kidney Transplantation
         1. Common complications
         2. Long-term graft survival issues
      2. Liver Transplantation
         1. Unique immune response
         2. Tolerance potential
      3. Heart and Lung Transplantation
         1. Complex rejection pathways
         2. Impact of ischemia-reperfusion injury
   9. Recent Advances in Transplantation Immunology
      1. Genomic and Proteomic Approaches
      2. Biologic and Cellular Therapies
      3. Role of Biomarkers in Predicting Rejection
   10. Ethical and Social Issues in Transplantation
       1. Organ Shortage and Allocation
       2. Ethical considerations in Xenotransplantation
       3. Legal and Social Impacts
   11. Future Directions and Research in Transplantation
       1. Bioprinting and Regenerative Medicine
       2. Stem Cell Applications
       3. Gene Editing Technologies in Tolerance Induction