General Chemistry

1. Laboratory Techniques and Safety
   1. Common Laboratory Equipment
      1. Glassware
         1. Beakers
         2. Flasks (Erlenmeyer, volumetric)
         3. Graduated cylinders
         4. Test tubes
         5. Burettes and pipettes
      2. Heating and Cooling Equipment
         1. Bunsen burner
         2. Hot plate
         3. Water bath
         4. Ice bath
      3. Measurement Instruments
         1. Balances (analytical and top-loading)
         2. Thermometers
         3. pH meters
         4. Spectrophotometers
      4. Mixing Devices
         1. Magnetic stirrers
         2. Vortex mixers
      5. Separation Equipment
         1. Centrifuge
         2. Separatory funnel
   2. Safety Protocols and Practices
      1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
         1. Laboratory coats
         2. Safety goggles
         3. Gloves (nitrile, latex)
         4. Face shields
      2. Laboratory Signage and Safety Symbols
         1. Hazard symbols
         2. Safety data sheets (SDS)
      3. Emergency Protocols
         1. Fire safety procedures
         2. Chemical spill response
         3. First aid measures
         4. Emergency exits and evacuation plans
      4. Waste Disposal
         1. Chemical waste disposal procedures
         2. Biological waste disposal
         3. Sharp objects disposal
      5. Risk Assessment
         1. Identifying hazards
         2. Evaluating risks
   3. Basic Techniques
      1. Filtration
         1. Gravity filtration
         2. Vacuum filtration
         3. Selecting appropriate filter media
      2. Distillation
         1. Simple distillation
         2. Fractional distillation
         3. Azeotropic distillation
      3. Titration
         1. Acid-base titrations
         2. Redox titrations
         3. Complexometric titrations
         4. Indicators and end-point determination
      4. Chromatography
         1. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
         2. Gas chromatography (GC)
         3. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
         4. Paper chromatography
      5. Weighing and Measuring
         1. Calibrating analytical balances
         2. Preparing solutions of known concentration
      6. Sample Preparation
         1. Dilution techniques
         2. Homogenization and grinding
   4. Advanced Techniques (not listed initially but providing depth)
      1. Spectroscopic Techniques
         1. UV-Vis spectroscopy
         2. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
         3. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
      2. Microscale Techniques
         1. Microscale synthesis
         2. Miniaturized analytical procedures
      3. Use of Fume Hoods
         1. Proper usage and maintenance
         2. Types of fume hoods
      4. Calibration and Validation
         1. Instrument calibration procedures
         2. Validation of analytical methods
      5. Aseptic Techniques
         1. Sterilization methods
         2. Working in a laminar flow hood