General Chemistry

1. Electrochemistry
   1. Redox Reactions
      1. Fundamental Concepts
         1. Definition of redox reactions
         2. Oxidation and reduction processes
         3. Role of electrons in redox reactions
         4. Identifying oxidizing and reducing agents
      2. Oxidation Numbers
         1. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers
         2. Practice in calculating oxidation numbers
         3. Significance in identifying redox reactions
      3. Balancing Redox Reactions
         1. Balancing in acidic solutions
            1. Ion-electron method
            2. Half-reaction method
         2. Balancing in basic solutions
            1. Conversion to neutral pH
            2. Adding OH⁻ to both sides
         3. Common pitfalls and troubleshooting
   2. Galvanic Cells (Voltaic Cells)
      1. Fundamental Principles
         1. Definition and purpose of galvanic cells
         2. Difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells
         3. Role in energy generation
      2. Cell Components
         1. Anode and cathode materials
         2. Salt bridge function and its alternatives
         3. Electrolyte solutions
      3. Cell Reaction and Cell Diagram
         1. Standard cell notation
         2. Writing and interpreting cell diagrams
         3. Relationship between cell diagram and reaction components
      4. Standard Electrode Potentials
         1. Standard reduction potentials table
         2. Calculating cell potential (E° cell)
         3. Determining cell spontaneity using ΔG
      5. Nernst Equation
         1. Derivation and application
         2. Effect of concentration changes on cell potential
         3. Calculations involving non-standard conditions
      6. Types of Galvanic Cells
         1. Daniell cell
         2. Fuel cells
         3. Concentration cells
   3. Electrolysis
      1. Basic Concept
         1. Definition of electrolysis
         2. Role in non-spontaneous chemical reactions
         3. Industrial applications (e.g., electroplating, electrorefining)
      2. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
         1. First law of electrolysis
         2. Second law of electrolysis
         3. Mathematical application and problem-solving
      3. Electrolytic Cells
         1. Components and setup
         2. Differences from galvanic cells
         3. Common applications and examples
      4. Electrolytic Processes
         1. Electrolysis of water
         2. Electrolysis of molten salts
         3. Electrolysis in aqueous solutions
   4. Applications of Electrochemistry
      1. Batteries
         1. Primary batteries (non-rechargeable)
            1. Alkaline batteries
            2. Lithium batteries
         2. Secondary batteries (rechargeable)
            1. Lead-acid batteries
            2. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries
            3. Lithium-ion batteries
      2. Corrosion and its Prevention
         1. Mechanism of corrosion
         2. Factors affecting corrosion
         3. Methods of prevention (e.g., galvanizing, cathodic protection)
      3. Electroplating and Electrometallurgy
         1. Principles of electroplating
         2. Uses in industry (jewelry, electronics, etc.)
         3. Electrometallurgy processes (e.g., aluminium production)
      4. Biological and Environmental Electrochemistry
         1. Biological redox reactions
         2. Bioelectrochemical systems
         3. Electrochemical treatment of waste
   5. Measurement and Analysis in Electrochemistry
      1. Potentiometry
         1. Principle and applications
         2. Use of reference electrodes
      2. Conductometry
         1. Conductivity measurements
         2. Applications in determining solution properties
      3. Voltammetry and Amperometry
         1. Techniques and fundamental principles
         2. Application in analytical chemistry