Evolutionary Biology

1. Evolutionary Ecology
   1. Interactions Between Species
      1. Predator-Prey Relationships
         1. Evolutionary Arms Race
         2. Predator Adaptations
            1. Camouflage and Mimicry
            2. Stealth and Speed
         3. Prey Adaptations
            1. Warning Coloration and Toxin Production
            2. Behavioral Adaptations
      2. Symbiotic Relationships
         1. Mutualism
            1. Examples and Types
            2. Impact on Evolutionary Fitness
         2. Commensalism
            1. Impact on Community Structure
            2. Case Studies in Various Ecosystems
         3. Parasitism
            1. Evolutionary Strategies of Parasites
            2. Host Defense Mechanisms
      3. Competition
         1. Interspecific Competition
            1. Resource Partitioning
            2. Competitive Exclusion Principle
         2. Intraspecific Competition
            1. Territoriality
            2. Density-Dependent Factors
   2. Niche Construction
      1. Definition and Concepts
         1. Niche vs. Habitat
         2. Niche Breadth and Specialization
      2. Role in Evolution
         1. Ecological Inheritance
         2. Feedback Mechanisms in Ecosystems
      3. Examples of Niche Construction
         1. Animal Examples (e.g., Beavers, Earthworms)
         2. Human Impacts and Anthropogenic Changes
   3. Adaptive Landscapes
      1. Conceptual Framework
         1. Fitness Peaks and Valleys
         2. Role in Speciation and Adaptive Radiations
      2. Adaptive Dynamics
         1. Fitness Landscapes over Time
         2. Co-evolution of Populations on Fitness Landscapes
      3. Examples in Nature
         1. Shifts in Adaptive Landscapes
         2. Observations in Controlled Environments
   4. Community Ecology
      1. Community Dynamics
         1. Successional Changes
         2. Community Stability and Resilience
      2. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
         1. Species Richness and Evenness
         2. Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Services
      3. Keystone Species and Ecological Networks
         1. Role of Keystone Species in Ecosystems
         2. Food Web Complexity and Interaction Strengths
   5. Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Changes
      1. Rapid Evolution and Phenotypic Plasticity
         1. Examples in Changing Environments
         2. Limits and Impacts of Plasticity
      2. Climate Change Effects
         1. Shifts in Distribution and Community Composition
         2. Evolutionary Rescue and Genetic Adaptation
      3. Human Influence
         1. Urban Ecology and Evolutionary Adaptations
         2. Impacts of Habitat Fragmentation and Pollution