Electromagnetism

1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
   1. Overview
      1. Definition
      2. Historical Background
         1. Discovery and Development
         2. Key Scientists Involved
      3. Importance in Science and Technology
   2. Range and Types
      1. Radio Waves
         1. Properties
            1. Long Wavelengths
            2. Low Frequency
            3. Low Energy
         2. Applications
            1. Broadcasting
            2. Navigation
            3. Communication
      2. Microwaves
         1. Properties
            1. Shorter Wavelengths
            2. Higher Frequency than Radio Waves
            3. Moderate Energy
         2. Applications
            1. Microwave Ovens
            2. Radar Technology
            3. Satellite Communication
      3. Infrared Waves
         1. Properties
            1. Wavelengths longer than Visible Light
            2. Thermal Properties
            3. Not Visible to Humans
         2. Applications
            1. Thermal Imaging
            2. Remote Controls
            3. Fiber Optics
      4. Visible Light
         1. Properties
            1. Narrow Band of the Spectrum
            2. Perceptible by Human Eyes
            3. Colors ranging from Red to Violet
         2. Applications
            1. Vision
            2. Illumination
            3. Photography
      5. Ultraviolet Light
         1. Properties
            1. Shorter Wavelengths than Visible Light
            2. Higher Energy
            3. Potentially Harmful Effects
         2. Applications
            1. Sterilization
            2. Tanning
            3. Fluorescence
      6. X-Rays
         1. Properties
            1. Short Wavelengths
            2. High Energy
            3. Penetrative Ability
         2. Applications
            1. Medical Imaging
            2. Security Scanning
            3. Structural Analysis
      7. Gamma Rays
         1. Properties
            1. Shortest Wavelengths
            2. Highest Energy
            3. Ionizing Radiation
         2. Applications
            1. Cancer Treatment
            2. Sterilization of Medical Equipment
            3. Astrophysical Observation
   3. Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves
      1. Speed in Various Media
         1. Speed of Light in Vacuum
         2. Variation in Speed in Different Materials
      2. Frequency and Wavelength Relationship
      3. Energy and Frequency Correlation
   4. Applications
      1. Communication Technology
         1. Wireless Communication
         2. Optical Fibers
         3. Satellites
      2. Medical Imaging and Treatment
         1. X-Rays in Diagnostics
         2. Radiation Therapy
         3. MRI and CT Scans
      3. Scientific Research
         1. Spectroscopy
         2. Observation of Astronomical Phenomena
         3. Particle Physics Experiments
      4. Industrial Uses
         1. Material Testing
         2. Remote Sensing
         3. Quality Control
   5. Interaction with Matter
      1. Absorption
         1. Mechanisms
         2. Applications in Greenhouse Effect
      2. Reflection and Refraction
         1. Laws of Reflection
         2. Snell's Law
         3. Optical Devices
      3. Diffraction and Interference
         1. Diffraction Gratings
         2. Constructive and Destructive Interference
      4. Polarization
         1. Types of Polarized Light
         2. Polarizing Filters
         3. Applications in Sunglasses and Photography
   6. Safety and Health Considerations
      1. Radiation Exposure Guidelines
      2. Health Risks and Protective Measures
      3. Regulatory Standards