Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the study of electric charges, magnetic fields, and their interactions. It encompasses a variety of phenomena such as electric currents, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves, which form the basis for understanding complex systems in nature and technology. The theory of electromagnetism is encapsulated in Maxwell's equations, which describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges. This field underpins many modern technologies, including electricity generation, telecommunications, and magnetism applications in industries.

1. Fundamentals of Electromagnetism
   1. Electric Charge
      1. Properties
         1. Quantization
            1. Definition of quantization
            2. Elementary charge
            3. Atomic structure relevance
         2. Conservation
            1. Law of conservation of charge
            2. Application in closed systems
            3. Annihilation and pair production
      2. Types
         1. Positive Charge (Protons)
            1. Structure of protons
            2. Role in atomic nuclei
            3. Interaction with electrons
         2. Negative Charge (Electrons)
            1. Electron properties
            2. Electron cloud and atomic orbitals
            3. Free electrons in conductors
   2. Electric Fields
      1. Definition
         1. Concept of an electric field
         2. Sources and spatial distribution
      2. Electric Field Lines
         1. Representation of field strength and direction
         2. Rules for drawing field lines
         3. Field lines around point charges and dipoles
      3. Superposition of Electric Fields
         1. Principle of superposition
         2. Examples with multiple charge systems
         3. Vector addition of electric fields
   3. Magnetic Fields
      1. Definition
         1. Nature of magnetic fields
         2. Magnetic field units
      2. Magnetic Field Lines
         1. Representation and properties
         2. Comparison with electric field lines
      3. Sources of Magnetic Fields
         1. Permanent Magnets
            1. Magnetic domains
            2. Types of permanent magnets
         2. Electromagnets
            1. Creation using current-carrying wires
            2. Applications in technology
            3. Factors affecting strength
   4. Electric Currents
      1. Definition
         1. Flow of electric charge
         2. Measurement and units
      2. Direct Current (DC)
         1. Characteristics and uses
         2. DC circuits and components
      3. Alternating Current (AC)
         1. Characteristics and uses
         2. Generation of AC
         3. AC in power distribution
      4. Current Density
         1. Definition and mathematical representation
         2. Significance in material conduction
         3. Distribution in conductors
   5. Electromagnetic Forces
      1. Lorentz Force
         1. Mathematical expression
         2. Effect on moving charges
         3. Applications in particle accelerators and cathode ray tubes
      2. Applications in Devices
         1. Hall effect and sensors
         2. Motors and actuators
         3. Magnetic levitation systems