Databases

Databases are structured systems that store, manage, and retrieve data efficiently. They are essential in computer science and technology, enabling applications to handle large volumes of information reliably and securely. Databases utilize various models, such as relational, NoSQL, and object-oriented, to organize data into tables, documents, or objects. Users can interact with databases through query languages like SQL (Structured Query Language), allowing for sophisticated data manipulation and analysis. Their use is fundamental in sectors ranging from business and healthcare to education and finance, facilitating data-driven decision-making and operations.

1. Database Concepts
   1. Definition of Database
      1. Data as a structured collection of information
      2. Purpose and functionality of databases
      3. Examples of database usages
   2. Data Models
      1. Relational Model
         1. Tables (Relations)
            1. Definition and structure of tables
            2. Understanding rows (tuples) and columns (attributes)
            3. Schema definition
         2. Keys
            1. Primary Key: Unique identification for table rows
            2. Foreign Key: Establishing relationships between tables
            3. Composite Key: Combination of two or more columns to create a unique identifier
            4. Candidate Key: Potential primary keys
         3. Normalization
            1. Objectives and importance of normalization
            2. Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc.)
            3. Advantages and disadvantages of normalization
         4. ACID Properties
            1. Atomicity: All-or-nothing transactions
            2. Consistency: Maintaining data integrity
            3. Isolation: Transaction independence
            4. Durability: Permanency of committed transactions
         5. Joins and Relationships
            1. Inner joins, outer joins, cross joins
            2. One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many relationships
      2. NoSQL Models
         1. Document-Based
            1. JSON and BSON document storage formats
            2. Schema flexibility and denormalization techniques
            3. Use cases and advantages in handling unstructured data
         2. Key-Value Stores
            1. Key-value pair data representation
            2. Handling high-speed transactions and large-scale data
            3. Examples of appropriate use cases
         3. Column-Family Stores
            1. Concept of columnar storage and column families
            2. Storage optimization for read-heavy operations
            3. Examples and real-world applications
         4. Graph Databases
            1. Data representation with nodes, edges, and properties
            2. Benefits in handling complex relationships and interconnected data
            3. Use cases such as social networks and recommendation engines
      3. Object-Oriented Model
         1. Storing data in the form of objects, as in object-oriented languages
         2. Class definitions, inheritance, and encapsulation
         3. Use cases and benefits of object-oriented databases
      4. Hierarchical Model
         1. Tree-like data structure with parent-child relationships
         2. Navigational data access and predefined paths
         3. Pros and cons of hierarchical data organization
      5. Network Model
         1. Complex data structures with many-to-many relationships
         2. Node and edge representation, similar to graphs
         3. Differences and similarities with hierarchical models
   3. Database Management System (DBMS)
      1. Functions of a DBMS
         1. Data definition, manipulation, and administration
         2. Transaction management and concurrency control
         3. Security enforcement and data recovery
      2. Components of DBMS
         1. Database Engine
            1. Core of DBMS responsible for data storage and retrieval
            2. Metadata handling
         2. Query Processor
            1. Parsing and execution of queries
            2. Query optimization strategies
            3. Interface between users and database data
         3. Storage Manager
            1. Manages database storage on persistent media
            2. File organization, indexing, and memory management
         4. Transaction Manager
            1. Tracks active transactions and manages rollback operations
            2. Ensures compliance with ACID properties
            3. Conflict resolution and deadlock handling