Databases

1. Database Design
   1. Conceptual Design
      1. Entity-Relationship Model (ER Model)
         1. Entities and Attributes
            1. Definition of Entities
            2. Types of Attributes (Simple, Composite, Multi-Valued)
            3. Attribute Constraints
         2. Relationships
            1. Types of Relationships (One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-Many)
            2. Cardinality and Participation Constraints
            3. Weak Entities and Identifying Relationships
         3. Enhancements to ER Model
            1. Specialization and Generalization
            2. Aggregation
            3. Ternary and Higher-Order Relationships
      2. Unified Modeling Language (UML)
         1. Class Diagrams
            1. Classes and Properties
            2. Associations, Aggregations, and Compositions
            3. Multiplicity in UML
         2. Sequence Diagrams
            1. Interaction among Objects
            2. Lifelines and Activation Bars
            3. Messages and their Types
         3. State Diagrams
            1. States and Transitions
            2. Initial, Final, and Composite States
            3. Events, Actions, and Activities
   2. Logical Design
      1. Schema Design
         1. Translating ERD to Relational Schema
         2. Mapping Entities and Relationships
         3. Designing Tables, Attributes, and Integrity Constraints
         4. Integrity Constraints (Primary Key, Foreign Key, Unique, Not Null)
      2. Normalization Process
         1. Objectives and Benefits of Normalization
         2. First Normal Form (1NF)
         3. Second Normal Form (2NF)
         4. Third Normal Form (3NF)
         5. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
         6. Higher Normal Forms (4NF, 5NF)
      3. Denormalization
         1. Purpose and When to Denormalize
         2. Advantages and Disadvantages
         3. Denormalization Techniques
         4. Balancing Performance and Data Integrity
   3. Physical Design
      1. Storage Structures
         1. File Organization (Heap, Sequential, Hashing, Clustered)
         2. Page Layouts and Record Formats
         3. Data Compression and Storage Optimization
      2. Indexing
         1. Types of Indexes (Single-Level, Multi-Level, Bitmap)
         2. B-Tree and B+ Tree Structures
         3. Hash Indexing
         4. Indexing Strategies and Performance Impact
      3. Partitioning
         1. Types of Partitioning (Range, List, Hash, Composite)
         2. Benefits of Partitioning
         3. Partitioning Strategies for Performance and Manageability
         4. Partition Management Techniques
      4. Materialized Views
         1. Definition and Use Cases
         2. Refresh Strategies (Immediate, Deferred)
         3. Storage and Maintenance Considerations
      5. Database Tuning
         1. Identifying Performance Bottlenecks
         2. Using Query Plan Explainers
         3. Resource Allocation and Scheduling for Optimization