Criminal Law

1. Rights of the Accused
   1. Right to an Attorney
      1. Public defenders
         1. Eligibility criteria
         2. Role and responsibilities
         3. Challenges faced by public defenders
      2. Private legal counsel
         1. Selection process
         2. Fee structures
      3. Right to counsel during interrogation
         1. Miranda rights
         2. Waiver of rights
   2. Right to a Fair Trial
      1. Speedy trial considerations
         1. Time limits and legal standards
         2. Consequences of delay
         3. Balancing court and defendant interests
      2. Admissibility of evidence
         1. Rules of evidence
         2. Exclusionary rule
         3. Chain of custody
      3. Trial procedures
         1. Protection against biased proceedings
         2. Equal treatment and protection under the law
   3. Right against Self-Incrimination
      1. Fifth Amendment protections
         1. Nature and scope
      2. Miranda rights
         1. Requirement to inform
         2. Implications of waiver
      3. Protection during testimony
         1. Refusal to answer incriminating questions
         2. Limits of protection
   4. Right to be Informed of Charges
      1. Provision of formal charges
         1. Arraignment process
         2. Understanding the nature and cause of accusations
      2. Legal sufficiency of charges
         1. Specificity requirements
         2. Challenge of vague or ambiguous charges
   5. Right to a Public Trial
      1. Transparency in legal proceedings
         1. Benefits of public scrutiny
         2. Exceptions to public trials
      2. Restrictions in high-profile cases
         1. Media influence
         2. Courtroom security considerations
   6. Right to an Impartial Jury
      1. Jury selection process
         1. Voir dire
         2. Challenges for cause and peremptory challenges
      2. Safeguards against jury bias
         1. Pretrial publicity management
         2. Jury instructions and admonishments
      3. Jury nullification
         1. Definition and implications
         2. Controversies and legal perspectives
   7. Additional Safeguards
      1. Right to confront witnesses
         1. Cross-examination process
         2. Limitations regarding confrontation
      2. Right to compel witnesses
         1. Subpoena power
         2. Impact on witness attendance and testimony
      3. Right to be free from double jeopardy
         1. Legal concept and protections
         2. Exceptions and legal tests
      4. Protection against cruel and unusual punishment
         1. Legal standards and interpretations
         2. Application in sentencing and imprisonment
   8. International Perspectives
      1. Variations in rights of the accused across jurisdictions
         1. Comparative analysis with international standards
      2. Role of international human rights instruments
         1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
         2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights