Conservation Biology

1. Human Impact and Conservation Challenges
   1. Urbanization and Land Use Change
      1. Expansion of Urban Areas
         1. Loss of Wildlife Habitats
         2. Fragmentation of Ecosystems
         3. Increased Pollution and Waste
      2. Agricultural Land Use
         1. Deforestation for Cropland
         2. Monoculture and Loss of Biodiversity
         3. Soil Degradation and Erosion
      3. Infrastructure Development
         1. Impact on Migratory Routes
         2. Construction of Roads and Dams
         3. Mitigation Measures and Urban Planning
   2. Pollution and Environmental Degradation
      1. Types of Pollution
         1. Air Pollution
            1. Sources: Industrial, Vehicular
            2. Effects on Wildlife and Vegetation
         2. Water Pollution
            1. Point and Non-Point Source Pollution
            2. Impact on Aquatic and Marine Life
         3. Soil Pollution
            1. Agrochemicals: Pesticides and Fertilizers
            2. Heavy Metals and Industrial Waste
      2. Strategies for Pollution Control
         1. Regulatory Standards and Compliance
         2. Innovative Technological Solutions
         3. Community Awareness and Involvement
   3. Climate Change Impacts
      1. Global Warming and Temperature Rise
         1. Shifts in Habitat Boundaries
         2. Altered Species Distribution
      2. Extreme Weather Events
         1. Impact on Ecosystem Stability
         2. Adaptation Challenges for Species
      3. Sea Level Rise
         1. Coastal Habitat Loss
         2. Saltwater Intrusion into Freshwater Systems
      4. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
         1. Carbon Sequestration and Renewable Energy
         2. Climate-Resilient Species and Ecosystems
   4. Human-Wildlife Conflict
      1. Causes and Consequences
         1. Competition for Resources
         2. Crop Raiding and Livestock Predation
         3. Threats to Human Safety
      2. Conflict Mitigation Approaches
         1. Buffer Zones and Fencing
         2. Compensation and Incentive Schemes
         3. Community-Based Wildlife Management
   5. Economic and Social Factors
      1. Dependency on Natural Resource Exploitation
         1. Logging, Mining, and Fishing
         2. Economic Development vs. Conservation Goals
      2. Poverty and Conservation
         1. Role of Economic Incentives
         2. Integration of Livelihood Improvement Programs
      3. Sociocultural Perspectives
         1. Indigenous and Local Community Involvement
         2. Traditional Knowledge in Conservation Practices
   6. Policy and Legislation
      1. National and International Laws
         1. Endangered Species Act and CITES
         2. Habitat Conservation Plans
      2. Conservation Treaties and Agreements
         1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
         2. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
      3. Role of Government and NGOs
         1. Collaboration and Partnerships
         2. Funding and Resource Allocation
         3. Enforcement and Monitoring Mechanisms