Conservation Biology

1. Species Conservation
   1. Endangered and Threatened Species
      1. Criteria for Classification
         1. Population Size
         2. Range Reduction
         3. Habitat Fragmentation
         4. Decline in Population
         5. Quantitative Analysis
      2. IUCN Red List Categories
         1. Extinct (EX)
         2. Extinct in the Wild (EW)
         3. Critically Endangered (CR)
         4. Endangered (EN)
         5. Vulnerable (VU)
         6. Near Threatened (NT)
         7. Least Concern (LC)
         8. Data Deficient (DD)
         9. Not Evaluated (NE)
   2. Conservation Strategies
      1. In-situ Conservation
         1. Protected Areas
            1. National Parks
            2. Wildlife Sanctuaries
            3. Nature Reserves
            4. Biodiversity Hotspots
         2. Community-based Management
         3. Conserving Wildlife Habitats
      2. Ex-situ Conservation
         1. Zoos and Botanical Gardens
         2. Seed Banks and Gene Banks
         3. Cryopreservation Techniques
         4. Aquarium Collections
      3. Captive Breeding Programs
         1. Breeding Endangered Species
         2. Reintroduction into the Wild
         3. Success Factors and Challenges
      4. Wildlife Corridors
         1. Connectivity Between Habitats
         2. Minimizing Human-Wildlife Conflicts
         3. Benefits for Migratory Species
         4. Establishing Ecological Networks
   3. Conservation Genetics
      1. Genetic Variation
         1. Importance of Genetic Diversity
         2. Measuring Genetic Diversity
         3. Effects of Low Genetic Diversity
      2. Genetic Bottlenecks and Drift
         1. Definition and Significance
         2. Impact on Species Survival
         3. Recovery from Bottlenecks
      3. Molecular Tools and Techniques
         1. DNA Sequencing
         2. Genetic Markers
         3. Genetic Mapping
         4. Applications in Forensics and Conservation