Classical Mechanics

1. Limitations and Transition to Modern Physics
   1. Applicability to Macroscopic Systems
      1. Success of Classical Mechanics in Macroscopic Domain
         1. Accurate Predictions for Large Objects
         2. Applicability in Engineering and Technology
      2. Limitations in Predicting Microscopic Phenomena
         1. Failure to Explain Atomic Behavior
         2. Inadequacy in Describing Molecular Structures
   2. Breakdown at Relativistic Speeds
      1. Concepts of Absolute Space and Time
         1. Newtonian Time vs. Relativistic Time
         2. Space as an Immutable Frame
      2. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
         1. Special Relativity
            1. Lorentz Transformations
            2. Time Dilation and Length Contraction
            3. Relativistic Momentum and Energy
         2. General Relativity
            1. Curvature of Space-Time
            2. Gravitational Lensing
            3. Impact on Orbital Dynamics
      3. Experiments Validating Relativity
         1. Michelson-Morley Experiment
         2. Hafele-Keating Experiment (Atomic Clock)
         3. Gravitational Redshift Observations
   3. Quantum Mechanics Interface
      1. Wave-Particle Duality
         1. Photons and Electrons Exhibiting Dual Nature
      2. Quantum Uncertainty
         1. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
         2. Implications for Deterministic Predictions
      3. Quantum Mechanics Theories
         1. Schrödinger Equation
            1. Wave Function and Probability Dense Interpretation
         2. Quantum Entanglement
            1. Phenomenon of Non-Locality
            2. Applications in Quantum Computing
      4. Classical Limits and Quantum Mechanics
         1. Correspondence Principle
         2. Quantum-to-Classical Transition
      5. Quantum Electrodynamics and Limitations of Classical Electromagnetism
         1. Quantization of Electromagnetic Field
         2. Explanation of Blackbody Radiation
         3. Photoelectric Effect
      6. Experiments Underpinning Quantum Mechanics
         1. Double-Slit Experiment
         2. Stern-Gerlach Experiment
         3. Bell’s Theorem and Violation of Inequalities
   4. Philosophical and Conceptual Shifts
      1. Determinism to Probabilistic Nature
         1. From Predictability to Probabilistic Interpretations
      2. Conceptual Changes in Space and Time
         1. From Newtonian Absolute to Relativistic Frameworks
      3. Challenges in Interpretation
         1. Copenhagen Interpretation versus Many-Worlds Interpretation
         2. Realism versus Instrumentalism Debate
   5. Practical Implications and Technological Advances
      1. Relativity’s Role in GPS and Satellite Technology
      2. Quantum Mechanics in Semiconductor Physics
      3. Impacts on Modern Communications and Electronics
   6. Ongoing Research and Developments
      1. Unification Theories
         1. String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity
         2. Progress Towards Grand Unified Theory
      2. Quantum Gravity Research Efforts
         1. Attempts to Reconcile General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics
      3. Advances in Quantum Computing and Information Theory
         1. Potential for Revolutionary Changes in Computing and Data Processing